The large part which war played in English affairs in the Middle-Ages, the fact that the control of the army and navy was in the hands of those that spoke French, and the circumstances that much of English fighting was done in France all resulted in the introduction into English of a number of French military terms. The art of war has undergone such changes since the battles of Hastings, Lewes, and Agincourt that many words once common are now only in historical use. Their places have been taken by later borrowings, often like wise from French, many of them being words acquired by the French in the course of their wars in Italy during the sixteenth century. Yet we still use French words of the Middle Ages when we speak of the army and the navy, of peace, enemy, battle, soldier, guard and spy, and we have kept the names of officers such as captain and sergeant. Some of the French terms were introduced into English because they were needed to express a new object or a new idea. In other cases a French and a native English word for the same thing existed side by side. Sometimes one or the other has since been lost from the language; but sometimes both the borrowed and the native word have been still in common use.

　　71. The main idea of this passage is that ______.

　　most of today’s common English military terms dated from the sixteenth century or later

　　a study of the English vocabulary shows the important part which war has played in the history of England

　　many French words borrowed into English during the Middle Ages have since disappeared from the language

　　many military terms used in English were originally borrowed from French, some as early as the Middle Ages

　　72. All of the following have something to do with the introduction into English of many French military terms except that _______.

　　war played an important part in English affairs in the Middle Ages

　　the English army and navy were controlled by those who spoke French in the war between England and France

　　France invaded England in the Middle Ages and many battles were fought in England

　　much of English fighting was done in France in the war between England and France

　　73. The art of war has undergone such changes that _______.

　　we no longer use any French words of the Middle Ages

　　many words once common are not used any longer and they are replaced by Italian words

　　French military terms have disappeared from the English language

　　many words once common are now only in historical use and their places have been taken by the newly-borrowed words

　　74. Which of the following is not the French word borrowed into English during the Middle Ages?

　　A. sergeant B. battle C. spy D. fight

　　75. The writer takes the words “battle” and “fight” as an example to show______.

　　French words are needed to express something new

　　a French and a native word for the same thing have been still in common use side by side French word or the other has been lost from the English language

　　“battle” is the borrowed word and “fight” is the native one

　　Passage Four

　　“Fingers were made before forks” when a person gives up good manners, puts aside knife and fork, and dives into his food, someone is likely to repeat that saying.

　　The fork was an ancient agricultural tool, but for centuries no one thought of eating with it. Not until the eleventh century, when a young lady from Constantinople brought her fork to Italy, did the custom reach Europe.

　　By the fifteenth century the use of the fork was widespread in Italy. The English explanation was that Italians were averse to eating food touched with fingers, “Seeing all men’s fingers are not alike clean.” English travellers kept their friends in stitches while describing this ridiculous Italian custom.

　　Anyone who used a fork to eat with was laughed at in England for the next hundred years. Men who used forks were thought to be sissies, and women who used them were called show-offs and overnice. Not until the late 1600’s did using a fork become a common custom.

　　76. The custom of eating with a fork was _______.

　　A. brought to Europe from America B. begun when forks were invented

　　C. brought to Europe from Asia D. invented by Italians

　　77. By the fifteenth century forks were used _______.

　　A. all over Italy B. only in Constantinople

　　C. widely in Europe D. In England

　　78. To English travellers in Italy, the use of forks seemed _______.

　　A. clever B. necessary C. good manner D. ridiculous

　　79. The English thought that Italians used forks in order to ________.

　　A. imitate the people of the East B. keep their food clean

　　C. impress visitors with their good manners D. amuse the English

　　80. In England, people who used forks at that time were considered ______.

　　A. well mannered B. sissies C. show-offs and overnice D. both B and C