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2018年英語六級考試語法:非謂語動詞

考試網(wǎng)   2018-10-10   【

2018年英語六級考試語法:非謂語動詞

  四、非謂語動詞

  1、我喜歡做飯! I like cooking. ”

  本句中,“l(fā)ike”(喜歡)是謂語!癱ooking”(做飯)是賓語,用動名詞形式。又如:“ He likes cooking. ”在英語中。謂語動詞經(jīng)常隨著主語的人稱、數(shù)而變化,但動名詞作賓語時是不變的。

  2、對我來說,學英語不容易! It\' s not easy for me to learn English.”

  3、從太空看,地球是個藍色的球體。 “Seen from the space, the earth is a blue sphere.”

  請比較這些句子的中英文。在這幾個漢語句子中,做飯、學英語、從太空看分別作句子的賓語、主語和狀語,但是其動詞形式“做”、“學”、“看”沒有變化。而在這幾句英語中,“做飯”變成了cooking, “學”變成了to learn,“看”變成了seen. 動詞形式發(fā)生了變化,而且必須發(fā)生變化,因為這些句子有另外的謂語動詞。因此這些動詞叫做“非謂語動詞”,又叫“非限定性動詞”,他們沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。這是英漢動詞的巨大差別,也是中國人學英語的一個難點,同時也是在使用英語時容易犯錯誤的地方。需要特別注意的是:英語的單句一般只有而且必須有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu),即一個謂語,如果單句中出現(xiàn)了另外的動詞,這些動詞就要改變形式。

  以上英語句子中cooking, to learn, seen 等具有動詞特征,但是在句子中不能作謂語的動詞形式,就叫動詞的非謂語形式,也叫非謂語動詞。

  我們再比較 “I like cooking.” 與 “He likes cooking.”這兩句話主語不同,謂語動詞like形式變了,但意義沒有變化。而cooking 沒有任何變化。再看 “It is not easy for me to learn English.” 和 “It is not easy for him to learn English.” “對我”for me, “對他”for him之后的 “to learn”沒有任何變化?梢钥闯,非謂語動詞是不隨人稱和數(shù)的變化而變化的,它們不受人稱和數(shù)的限定,所以又叫“非限定動詞”。

  動詞在句子中除了充當謂語外,還可以起名詞、形容詞或副詞的作用,在句子中充當主語、賓語、表語、補語、定語和狀語。這就是動詞的非謂語形式。當句子中需要用某種動作作主語、賓語或作某種修飾、說明的成分時,就要使用這種形式。

  動詞的非謂語形式有三種:

  (1)動詞不定式:to study (to + 動詞原形)

  (2)分詞:studying (現(xiàn)在分詞)、studied (過去分詞)

  (3)動名詞:studying (形式與現(xiàn)在分詞相同)

  動詞非謂語形式仍具有動詞的一般特征,可以帶有賓語、狀語等構(gòu)成短語。

  動詞非謂語形式有以下幾種形式變化(以write為例):

形態(tài)

主動

被動

動詞不定式

一般

To write

To be written

進行

To be writing

完成

To have written

To have been written

完成進行

To have been writing

現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞

一般

Writing

Being written

完成

Having written

Having been written

一般

written

  A、 動詞不定式

  其形式是“to+動詞原形”。 to是不定式符號,無詞義。其否定式是在to前面加上not, never等否定詞。 不定式可以有自己的邏輯主語,由for引出,加在不定式短語前面。

  如果不定式的邏輯主語是表示不定式動作的承受者,則不定式用被動語態(tài)。所謂邏輯主語,就是指非謂語動詞等動作的執(zhí)行者。由于非謂語動詞等帶有動詞的特征,但又不是謂語動詞,所以這個動作的執(zhí)行者就不能稱為主語,而在邏輯上又是這個動作的執(zhí)行者,所以就稱為邏輯主語。

  如果不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者,這個不定式一般要用被動語態(tài)。疑問詞(who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how還包括whether)等后面加不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語,可做主語,表語,賓語等。

  (一)作主語。 在不定式短語作主語的句子中,往往用 it 作形式主語,而不把不定式短語放在句子的后面。如:

  To die like that is a terrible thing.=It is a terrible thing to die like that.

  象那樣死去是一件可怕的事。( it 作形式主語,把真正的主語to die like that放在后面)

  To know oneself is difficult.=It’s difficult to know oneself.

  有自知之明不容易。

  To tell a lie is not always easy.= It’s not always easy to tell a lie.

  撒謊并非總是容易。

  Never to offend anyone is my principle. 永遠不得罪任何人就是我的原則。

  It’s against nature to remain single. 保持單身是違反自然的。

  To see is to believe.   眼見為實。

  For a dog to die like that is a terrible thing. = It is a terrible thing for a dog to die like that.

  一條狗象那樣死去是一件可怕的事。(for a dog是不定式的主語)

  For one to know everything is impossible.= It’s impossible for one to know everything.

  一個人什么都知道是不可能的。

  For his brother John to go to sea seems natural.= It seems natural for his brother John to go to sea. 他兄弟John去當水手是很自然的事。

  It’ll be a great shame for you to forget her. 你要是把她忘了,那可太不應該了。

  It’s not proper for us not to accept the invitation. 我們不接受邀請不合適。(否定)

  It has not yet been decided when and where to discuss her resignation. 何時何地討論她的辭職還沒定。

  但是,下列形容詞做表語時,不定式的邏輯主語由 of 引出:

  careless粗心的,clever聰明的,cruel殘忍的,foolish愚蠢的,good好的,kind好心的 ,naughty淘氣的,nice好的,polite禮貌的,right正確的,rude無禮的 ,silly愚蠢的,stupid傻的,unwise不明智的,wise明智的,wrong錯誤的,等等。

  為什么這些詞要用 of 引出不定式呢?

  因為這些形容詞都是描寫人的性格和特點的形容詞!癐t is + 形容詞 +of sb + to do sth”這樣的句型更強調(diào)某人如何如何,可以改寫為:“Sb + be + 形容詞 + to do sth.” 而“for sb to do sth”這一結(jié)構(gòu)更強調(diào)做某事如何如何。例如:

  1、 It is difficult for me to learn English. 更強調(diào)學英語很難,不能寫成

     I am difficult to learn English. (這句話含有邏輯錯誤。)

  2、 It is unwise of you to go to the United States at this time. =You are unwise to go to the United States at this time. 強調(diào)你不明智。

  It’s very kind of you to come to see us off. =You’re kind to come to see us off. 你來為我們送行太好了。

  It’s unwise of him to drink and smoke so much.=He is unwise to drink and smoke so much. 他喝這么多酒、抽這么多煙是不明智的。

  It’s extremely cruel of John to kill animals. John殺害動物真是殘忍之極。

  It’s rude/polite of Jack to say this to her.  Jack對她說這個,很無禮/禮貌。

  (二)作賓語及賓語補語。

  1、有些及物動詞常用動詞不定式作賓語。常見的這類動詞有:afford負擔得起,

  agree同意,arrange安排,ask要求,attempt試圖,beg乞求,begin開始,choose選擇,claim聲稱,consent同意,dare敢,decide決定,decline謝絕,desire欲想,demand要求,determine決心,expect期待,fail失敗,forget忘記,hate討厭,help幫助,hope希望,intend打算,learn學習,like喜歡,long渴望,manage設(shè)法,mean打算,need需要,offer主動提出,plan計劃,prefer更喜歡,prepare準備,pretend假裝,promise答應,refuse拒絕,remember記得,seek尋求,seem好像,tend傾向,threaten威脅,undertake承擔,volunteer志愿,want想要,wish希望等。

  I agreed to support him. 我答應支持他。

  He said he wanted to be a professor. 他說他想當教授。

  My daughter preferred to have eggs and milk for breakfast when she was in her twenties.

  我女兒二十幾歲時早飯喜歡吃雞蛋和牛奶。

  2、不定式可以和how, which, what, who, whom, whose, when, where還有whether等詞連用作賓語。常跟這種結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動詞有:ask詢問,advise建議,consider考慮,decide決定,discover發(fā)現(xiàn),discuss討論,explain解釋,find out查明,forget忘記,inquire打聽,know知道,learn學會,remember記得,show演示,tell告訴,teach教,think想,understand懂得,wonder想知道,等等。例如:

  I don’t know where to get so much money. 我不知道去哪里搞這么多錢。

  They haven’t decided whether to leave or stay. 他們還沒決定是走還是留。

  此外,這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)還可作主語,表語,和介詞賓語等。

  How to live a happy life is a difficult question to answer. 怎樣過幸福生活是個很難回答的問題

  The question is whom to choose for the position. 問題是這個位置選誰。

  That was a discussion about how to increase their strength. 那是一次關(guān)于怎樣增強他們力量的討論。

  He said nothing about what to do with her. 關(guān)于拿她怎么辦,他啥也沒說。

  She asked my suggestion just now about where to go for her holidays. 關(guān)于去哪里度假,她剛才征求了我的意見。

  3、有些動詞需要不定式作賓語補足語。這種動詞常見的有:ask請求,advise勸告,allow允許,beg乞求,believe相信,call on號召,cause促使,compel強迫,command指揮,direct指導,enable使…能夠,encourage鼓勵,expect期望,feel覺得,force迫使,get使得,hate不喜歡,have使,hear聽見,help幫助,inspire鼓舞,intend 打算,invite邀請,instruct指示,know知道,lead引導,let讓,like喜歡,listen to 聽,look at看,make 使得, notice注意到, observe觀察,order命令,permit允許,persuade說服,prefer更喜歡,press施加壓力,remind提醒,request請求,teach教,tell告訴,urge敦促,want 想要,warn警告,wish希望,等等。

  I asked my mother to buy a new bike for me. 我請求媽媽給我買輛新自行車。

  Tony knew his girl friend to be a shy college student. 托尼知道他的女朋友是一個害羞的大學生。

  They helped you to get on the bus, didn’t they? 他們幫你上了汽車, 是嗎?

  4、有些動詞要求省掉to的不定式作賓語補語。這樣的動詞有:feel覺得,have使,hear聽見,help幫助,let讓,listen to 聽,look at看,make使,notice 注意,see看見,observe 觀察,watch觀看 等,一類是感官動詞,一類是使役動詞。

  A policeman saw the accident happen. 一位警察看見事故發(fā)生。

  We listened to her talk about her experience abroad. 我們聽她講國外的經(jīng)歷。

  We’d be glad to have you work with us. 我們會很高興有你和我們一起工作。

  上述help后面的不定式省掉to與保留to都可以。在被動語態(tài)中,上述動詞后面的不定式要把省去的to還原。

  I heard the dog come in. 我聽見那條狗進來。

  =The dog was heard to come in. 有人聽見那條狗進來。

  I saw her go out by bike. 我看見她騎著自行車出去了。

  =She was seen to go out by bike. 有人看見她騎著自行車出去了。

  Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?   我可以幫著搬起這個沉重的箱子嗎?

  You may as well help me (to)get things straight. 你不妨幫我把東西整理好。

  She helped the old woman (to) cross the street. 他幫助那位老婦人過街

  在had better(最好),would rather(寧愿),would sooner(寧愿),would (just) as soon(寧愿),cannot but(不能不,不由得不),cannot help but(不能不,不由得不)等成語后面也跟不帶to的不定式:

  He would rather listen to others than talk himself. 他寧愿聽別人也不愿自己說。

  He would sooner play than work. 他寧愿玩也不愿干活。

  You had better go away right now. 你最好立即就走。

  I would rather take this method. 我倒愿意采取這個辦法。

  I’d rather walk than take a bus. 我寧可走也不愿坐公共汽車。

  She’d rather die than lose the children. 她寧可死也不愿失去孩子們。

  I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.

  She’d sooner stay at home.

  I would as soon do it by myself.

  I would just as soon stay as go. 我寧愿住下也不愿去。

  We couldn’t but weep at the sad news.

  You can’t but respect them.

  Rather than和sooner than同義,都是“寧可”,“與其…(不如)”,“不是…(而是)”的意思。當它們放在句首時,其后跟不帶to的不定式;在其它位置時其后的不定式可帶也可不帶t

  Rather than risk breaking up his marriage, he told his wife everything. 他把一切都告訴了妻子,而不是冒離婚的危險。

  Rather than cause trouble, he left. 他寧可走開而不愿引起麻煩。

  Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress. 她寧可當女招待養(yǎng)活自己,也不嫁給那個男人。

  He decided to write rather than telephone. 他決定寫信,不打電話。

  The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages. 經(jīng)理相信重要的是投資買新機器,而不是增加工資。

  Rather than John do it, I’d prefer to do the job myself. 與其讓John干這件事情,我寧可自己動手。

  4、有些動詞要求省掉to的不定式作賓語補語。

  在Why 起首的疑問句中跟不帶to的不定式:

  Why not come with us? 為什么不跟我們一起來呢? =Why don\' t you come with us?

  Why not go for a game of tennis? 為什么不去打網(wǎng)球呢?

  Why not relax yourself? 為什么不放松你自己呢?

  Why not try to train your character? 為什么不培養(yǎng)你的性格呢?

  Why not give the $40 to Tom? 干嗎不把那40美金給湯姆呢?

  For God’s sake, why bring that up again? 看在上帝的份上,干嗎又提這事呢?

  Why split hairs over the color of the dress? 干嗎對連衣裙的顏色吹毛求疵呢?

  Why run this risk?  干嗎冒這個險?

  Why risk breaking the law? 干嗎冒犯法的險呢?

  5、不定式作賓語而后面還有賓語補語時,常用it來代替不定式短語,而把真正作賓語的不定式短語放在補足語后面。常見的動詞有:consider認為,feel覺得,find發(fā)現(xiàn),make使,think認為,等等。例如:

  I think it best to go. 我想最好走。

  Do you consider it right to send our doctors over? 你覺得派我們的醫(yī)生去對嗎?

  I found it strange for her not to come today. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)她今天沒來是很奇怪的。

  注意:hope希望,demand要求,suggest建議,這三個詞不能跟不定式作賓補。

  錯誤的句子:

  I hope you to be happy. 我希望你快樂。

  I suggest you to take him seriously.  我建議你要把他當回事。

  We demanded them to give us a definite answer.我們要求他們給個確切的答復。

  正確的句子:

  I hope that you’ll be happy. 我希望你快樂。I suggest that you take him seriously. 我建議你要把他當回事。

  I advise you not to take him seriously.  我建議你不要把他當回事。

  We demanded that they give us a definite answer. 我們要求他們給個確切的答復。

  (三)作定語。

  不定式短語作定語時,一般放在被修飾的詞之后,有些名詞的后面常用不定式作定語。常見的有:ability能力,agreement一致,協(xié)議,ambition抱負、野心,anxiety焦急,attempt試圖,campaign戰(zhàn)役,chance機會,claim聲稱,courage勇氣,decision決定,determination決心,drive努力,eagerness殷切的心情,effort努力,failure失敗,hope希望,intention目的意圖,motive force動力,movement運動、協(xié)議,need需要,opportunity機會,plan計劃,promise諾言,readiness樂意,refusal拒絕,reluctance勉強不愿,resolution決心,tendency傾向,right權(quán)力,struggle斗爭,threat威脅,time時候,way方法,willingness愿意,wish希望。

  與這些詞相對應的形容詞或動詞常接動詞不定式。如ability →be able to, refusal →refuse to 等。

  作定語時不定式表示將要發(fā)生的動作。

  There is not any one to save him. 沒有任何能救他的人。

  He’s a not a man to tell lies. 他不是那種撒謊的人。

  He’s a man to be trusted 他是個可以信賴的人。

  He needs love to strengthen his broken heart.    他需要愛來給他那破碎的心以力量。

  I don’t understand his idea to send his son to the Sahara. 我不明白他把兒子送到撒哈拉沙漠的想法。

  I need to buy a box to hold my CDs.    我需要買個裝CD片的盒子。

  This visit is a good opportunity to learn Chinese. 這次訪問是學習中文的好機會。

  No investigation, no right to speak. 沒有調(diào)查就沒有發(fā)言權(quán)。

  Not to speak much is the best way to avoid trouble. 不多言是避免麻煩的最好辦法。

  This is a good way to make money. 這是個賺錢的好方法。

  We were given some bread to eat.  給了我們一些面包吃。

  I’ve a lot of things to take care of in the office today. 今天我辦公室里由于很多事情要處理。

  Have you got a key to unlock this door?  你有開這個門的鑰匙嗎?

  He needs a place to live in. 他需要有個住的地方。

  This is not a pen to write with but to draw with. 這不是寫字而是畫畫用的筆。

  I have not a friend to talk with.  我沒有能談心的朋友。

  作定語時,也可以給不定式加上主語。例如:

  The order for the army to start has been given. 已經(jīng)發(fā)出了讓部隊開始的命令。

  The power for science to serve mankind is limitless.  科學為人類服務(wù)的力量是無窮的。

  The letter for you to answer is placed on your desk..   要你回的那封信放在你辦公桌上。

  (四)作表語。放在系動詞之后。

  例如:

  To gamble is to commit suicide, but not to get rich. 就是自殺,而不是致富。

  To criticize others is to make enemies. 批評別人就是樹敵。

  To do everything is to do nothing.   什么都做等于什么也做不成。

  Perhaps the most popular way of relaxing is to participate in sports. 也許最受歡迎的放松方式就是參加體育活動。

  This matter is for you to consider. 這個問題是要你考慮的。

  These apples are for the guests to eat. 這些蘋果是給客人們吃的。

  My hope is for all members to come together once a year. 我的希望是所有成員每年聚會一次。

  My advice is for you to apologize to her.  我的建議是你向她道歉。

  The question is where to go for help.  問題是到哪里求助。

  To respect others is to be respected.  尊重別人就是受到別人的尊重。

  To see her is to love her.  見到她就會愛上她。

  (五)不定式短語和疑問詞連用(who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how,還包括whether)

  (1)做主語。

  例如:

  Who to turn to is what she wants to know. 找誰幫忙是她想知道的。

  It’s problem what to do. 干什么還是個問題。

  How to be wealthy, healthy and happy will always remain a question mark. 怎樣才能富有,健康和幸福將永遠是個問號。

  (2)做表語。例如:

  The question is which to take first. 問題是先拿哪一個。

  What remains for you to explain is how to put the plan into practice and whose help to seek. 剩下需要你解釋的是怎樣實施計劃以及尋求誰的幫助。

  The question is which of the methods to adopt. 問題是采取這些方法中的哪一個。

  (3)作賓語,常用這一結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動詞有ask, consider, decide discuss, explain, forget, find out, guess, inquire, know, learn, remember, see(=understand), show, settle(=decide), tell(=know), think, understand, wonder等。

  I’ve found out where to buy them cheaply. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)了在哪里買這些東西便宜。

  Do you remember when totch off the machine? 你記得什么時候關(guān)掉機器嗎?

  I can’t tell what to do . 我說不好怎么辦。

  How can you tell which button to press? 你怎么知道按哪個按鈕?

  You know very well when to say what and how to say it. 你很清楚什么時候說什么話以及怎樣說。

  He can’t decide what time to leave or whether to leave at all.他不能決定何時離開或者到底是否離開。

  有些雙賓語及物動詞,也可用這個結(jié)構(gòu)做直接賓語。常用的有tell, inform, show, advise, ask, teach,等。如:

  I showed her how to use the remote control.  我向她演示怎樣使用遙控器。

  The salesman told him whichtch to turn on first. 售貨員告訴他先開哪個開關(guān)。

  Will you advise me which to buy?   你建議我買哪個?

  Please inform me where to get the tickets. 請告訴我到哪里去弄票。

  (4)做定語。例句:

  I must find a pen with which to fill in this form(=to fill in this form with). 我必須找支鋼筆填表用。

  He offered me some hot coffee with which to refresh me spirit (=to refresh me spirit with). 他給我提供了點熱咖啡提提神。

  Nobel began to seek ways in which to make the explosive safer to handle.諾貝爾開始尋找那種炸藥操作起來更安全的方法。

  (六)作狀語。不定式短語作狀語,表示目的、原因、結(jié)果等。位置一般在句尾或句首。

  (1)表示目的。如:

  We waved flags, beat drums and blew bugles to encourage the players. 我們搖旗擂鼓吹號,來鼓勵運動員。

  They went to the U.S.A. not to study English but to study law and business. 他們?nèi)チ嗣绹,不是為了學英語,而是為了學法律和商務(wù)。

  為了強調(diào),有時用in order to (為了)或so as to (以便)加動詞原形,放在句首或句尾均可。例如;

  In order to improve my English, I read China Daily every day. 為了提高英語水平,我每天都看《中國日報》。

  He took a taxi so as not to miss the train. 為了不誤火車,他坐了出租車。

  有些不定式習慣用語放在句首或句尾,作獨立成分。例如:

  To be frank(with you), this is not satisfactory. 老實(和你)說,這不令人滿意。

  To be fair, she is an honest girl. 說句公道話,她是一個誠實的姑娘。

  To tell you the truth, you are wrong.. 實話告訴你,你錯了。

  這樣的短語還有to tell you the truth實話告訴你,to conclude 最后, to begin with首先,to cut a long story short 簡而言之,to go back to the point回到正題,not to make too much of it 別小題大做,to put it another way 換句話說,to hear him talk聽他說話的口氣,等等。

  (2)表示原因。例如:

  To hear him talk in that manner, you would think him a foreigner. 他這樣說話,你會以為他是外國人。The old father smiled to know his success. 知道他成功的消息,那位老父親笑了。

  不定式短語可以和表示情緒的形容詞和過去分詞連用,有時說明產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因,有時不是說明原因,而是和形容詞一起說明主語的情況。

  常見的這類形容詞和過去分詞有:

  able有能力的,afraid 害怕的,amazed 感到驚異的,angry生氣的,anxious 急于的,astonished 感到驚訝的, careful小心的, certain有把握的,clever聰明的, comfortable舒服的,cruel殘忍的,deep深的,delighted 高興的, difficult有困難的, disappointed感到失望的,determined 有決心的,eager 急于的, easy容易的,fit 合適的,foolish 愚蠢的,fortunate 幸運的, free自由的,frightened感到害怕的,glad高興的,good好的, happy幸福的,hard艱苦的,lucky 幸運的,overjoyed 高興的, pleased高興的,possible 可能的,proud 自豪的,ready 準備好的,relieved 感到輕松的,right正確的,sad悲傷的,shocked感到驚訝的, sorry難過的,sure 肯定的, surprised感到驚訝的, unable沒能力的,useless沒用的,willing 愿意的,worthy 值得的,wrong 錯誤的等。

  例如:

  He’ll be angry to hear these words. 聽到這些話他會生氣的。

  You’re lucky to have me as your teacher.  有我當你們老師,你們很幸運。

  He feels proud to be on the school football team.  作為校足球隊隊員他感到很自豪。

  Be careful not to catch cold. 小心別感冒。

  He’s anxious to go back straight to London. 他急于直接回倫敦。

  They’ll be ready to leave in about an hour.  再有大約一小時他們就準備好了。

  The new manager is easy to get along with . 新經(jīng)理很容易相處。

  This river is broad, deep and good tom in.   這條河寬且深,是游泳的好地方。

  Your sofa is comfortable to sit in.  你的沙發(fā)坐上去很舒服。

  (3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語只限于下面幾個詞:learn得知,find 發(fā)現(xiàn),see 看見,hear 聽見, to be told被告知,make 使得 等。only+不定式常表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。例如:

  He hurried to the airport to learn that the flight had already taken off. 他急忙趕到機場,卻得知飛機已經(jīng)起飛了。

  He returned home from his holiday only to find that his house had been broken into. 他休假回家,卻發(fā)現(xiàn)他的房子被破門而入了。

  (4) 不定式還可以與“be said, be reported,…”等連用構(gòu)成復合謂語。這一結(jié)構(gòu)可變成“It’s said, It’s reported,…”(見被動語態(tài)部分)。如:

  An explosion is reported to have happened, and three are known to have been killed.

  = It’s reported that an explosion has happened and it’s known that three have been killed.

  據(jù)報道發(fā)生了一起爆炸,已知三人被炸死。

  (七)不定式的時態(tài)。動詞不定式一般有三種時態(tài)形式,即一般式、進行式和完成式。

  (1) 一般式(to+動詞原形):表示與主句謂語動詞動作同時(或幾乎同時)發(fā)生或在主句謂語動詞之后發(fā)生的事情。例如:

  We’re happy to have you on our side. 有你在我們這邊我們很高興。

  I saw him go out. 我看見他出去了。( 不定式go out 與 see同時發(fā)生。)

  They invited me to have dinner with them.  他們邀請我和他們一起吃晚飯。

  I hope to see you again. 我希望再見到你(to see發(fā)生在hope之后)

  (2) 進行式(to be+現(xiàn)在分詞):表示主句謂語的動作發(fā)生時,不定式動作正在進行。例如:

  She’s said /believed to be living nearby. 據(jù)說/據(jù)信她就住在附近。

  When he came in, I happened to be sleeping in bed. 他進來時,我碰巧正在床上睡覺。

  They seem/appear to be enjoying themselves. 看上去他們似乎很快活。

  He pretended to be doing his homework when he heard his father’s sound. 他聽見父親的聲音,假裝正在做作業(yè)。

  The president was reported to be visiting the hospital. 據(jù)報道總統(tǒng)正在訪問那家醫(yī)院。

  (3)完成式(to have+過去分詞):表示在主句謂語的動作之前發(fā)生的事情。

  如:I’m glad to have met your parents here. 我很高興在這兒見到了你父母。(已見過)

  I’m sorry to have kept him waiting for me so long. 我很抱歉讓他等了我這樣久。(已經(jīng)等過了)(八)不定式的被動語態(tài)。當不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動形式。不定式的被動形式有兩種:

  一般式:to be+過去分詞

  完成式:to have been+過去分詞

  例如:

  You’re lucky to have been accepted . 你很幸運已經(jīng)被接受了。

  These criminals are to be hanged .  這些罪犯是將被絞死的。

  We’re glad to have been invited.   受到邀請我們很高興。

  What’s to be done next? 下一步做什么?

  It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.   我很榮幸應邀在這里講話。

  (八)為了避免重復,不定式可省略,但to有時保留,有時不保留。

  例如:

  You will make it if you try (to). 如果你努力,你會成功的。

  George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don’t think he really wants to. George 說要離開上海,但是我不認為他真的愿意走。

  Some of them retired, and others were ready to. 一些人退休了,還有的準備退。

  He always speaks faster than he needs to. 他說話總是沒必要的快。

  I’d like to do it now, but I haven’t got the time (to).  我倒是想現(xiàn)在干,但沒時間。

  “Would you go there with me?” “I’m glad to.” “你愿意和我一起去嗎?”“愿意!

  “Did you pass the exam?” “No, I tried (to), but I failed.” “你考試及格了嗎?”“沒有,我努力了,但沒成功。

  “Do you want to sing them an English song?” “I prefer not to.” “你愿意為他們唱首英文歌嗎?”“我不想唱!

  You’d better sing an English song if they ask you (to) again.如果他們再要求你,你最后唱一首英文歌。

  后面常省略不定式而保留to的結(jié)構(gòu),還有:

  used to   常常 be going to 打算

  mean to  打算 ought to   應該

  plan to 計劃 want to     要想

  (九)兩個不定式由and, or, except, but, than 連接時,第二個可省略to,尤其是兩個不定式緊密相連時。

  例如:

  I intend to call on him and discuss this question again. 我打算去拜訪他并和他談?wù)勥@個問題。

  I’d like to lie down and go to sleep. 我想躺下睡覺。

  You’re free to talk or laugh here. 在這里你可以隨便說笑。

  I’m anxious to go and ask him about it. 我急于去問問他這個事。

  Do you want to have lunch now or wait till later?   你想現(xiàn)在吃午飯還是再等會兒?

  We had nothing to do except (to) look at the posters outside the cinema. 我們無事可做,只有看看電影院外面的招貼。

  He had nothing to do except talk nonsense.   除了胡說八道,他沒別的事干。

  I would rather die than be insulted. 我寧死也不受侮辱。

  B、動名詞

  動名詞可以起名詞的作用,在句子中作主語,賓語,表語,定語。動名詞仍保留動詞的一般特征,可以有自己的賓語和狀語,構(gòu)成動名詞短語。 動名詞的否定形式是在前面加上not, never等否定詞。

  (一)做主語和表語。動名詞短語用and連起來做主語時,謂語用復數(shù)形式。

  例如:

  Fishing in this lake is forbidden. 這個湖里禁止釣魚。

  Going abroad for a visit and settling down abroad are two different things. 出國訪問和在國外定居是兩件不同的事情。

  It seems that reading English is easier than speaking it.似乎讀英語比說英語容易。

  My favorite hobby is fishing/collecting stamps .  我最喜歡的愛好是釣魚/集郵。

  在It’s no use; It’s (no) good; It’s useless ; It’s (not) wise; It’s (not) worthwhile; It’s of great (no, little) importance 等習慣表達中,It為形式主語,而將做主語的動名詞短語放在后面。例如:

  It’s no use /good ringing her up now. 現(xiàn)在給她打電話沒用了。

  Is it worthwhile bargaining two hours for two cents?    為兩分錢講價兩小時值得嗎?

  It’s wise trying again. 再試一次是明智的。

  It is of great importance fighting against pollution.  制止污染有重要意義。

  It is no use operating on the sick man. He should have been sent here early. 給這個病人做手術(shù)已經(jīng)沒用了。本應該早些把他送來。

  It is no good smoking; you’d better give it up. 吸煙沒好處,你最好戒掉。

  (二)動名詞短語作賓語。

  常用的能接動名詞的動詞有:admit承認,appreciate 感激,avoid 避免,advise 建議,can’t help 不禁,celebrate 慶祝,consider 考慮,complete 完成, contemplate沉思、打算,defer推遲,delay 延期,deny 否認,detest 痛恨,discontinue 停止, dislike不喜歡,dispute不同意,endure 忍耐,enjoy 喜歡, escape逃脫,excuse 原諒, fancy想象,feel like 想要, finish結(jié)束, 嚴禁,forgive 原諒,hinder 阻礙,imagine想象,keep 保持,mention 提到,mind 在意,miss 錯過,pardon 饒恕、原諒,permit允許,postpone 推遲,practise 實踐、練習,prevent 阻止, recall 回憶, report報告,resent 怨恨, resist抵制、阻止,risk冒險,stop 停止,suggest 建議,understand 明白、理解,等等。

  例如:

  He avoided giving me a definite answer. 他避免給我一個正確答案。

  David suggested selling your dog and car to pay the debt.  戴維建議賣掉你的狗和車抵債。

  (我們把這句話改為虛擬語氣:David suggested that you (should) sell your dog and car to pay the debt. )

  I couldn’t risk missing that train. 我可不敢冒誤了那趟火車的險。

  下列動詞既可用動詞不定式又可用動名詞做賓語:

  abhor憎惡,attempt 試圖,begin 開始,cannot bear 無法忍受,cannot stand無法忍受,cease停止,continue,繼續(xù),,decline 拒絕,deserve值得,disdain蔑視,dread害怕,endure忍耐,forget忘記,hate 痛恨,intend打算,learn學,like 喜歡,loathe厭惡,love喜歡,mean意思是、意味著,need需要,neglect疏忽,omit省略,忽略,plan計劃,prefer更喜歡,propose建議,regret后悔,remember記得,require需要,scorn蔑視、瞧不起,start開始,try嘗試,努力,entail必須,involve涉及,necessitate使成為必要,等。以上多數(shù)動詞用不定式或用動名詞作賓語意思一樣,個別不同。

  (三)動名詞短語作介詞賓語的時候最多。

  尤其是在短語動詞后面。如:

  The children are fond of listening to pop music. 孩子們喜歡流行音樂。

  Are you interested in going to the show? 你有興趣去看演出嗎?

  Thomas insisted on doing it in his own way.  托馬斯堅持按他自己的方法做這件事。

  我們把這句話改為虛擬語氣:Thomas insisted that he (should) do it in his own way.

  Excuse me for interrupting you. 請原諒我打擾你,

  Since returning from Xi’an, he has been busy. 從西安回來后,他一直很忙。

  He warned me againstmming in this lake.   他警告我不要在這個湖里游泳。

  改為不定式短語:He warned me not tom in this lake.

  We came out without being seen. 我們出來沒被人看見。

  Before finishing your homework, you’d better not go out.  做完作業(yè)之前,你最好別出去。

  改為用before 作連詞:Before you finish your homework, you’d better not go out.

  (四)動名詞也可以有自己的邏輯主語,就是在動名詞短語前面加上物主代詞或名詞的所有格。

  帶邏輯主語的動名詞短語可做主語,賓語,表語等。在非正式文體當中,經(jīng)常把物主代詞簡化為賓格人稱代詞,把名詞所有格簡化為名詞。例如:

  I insisted on his (him) going to the cinema with me. 我堅持要他和我一起去看電影。

  I can hardly imagine Peter(Peter’s) sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. 我簡直不能想象彼得會在五天內(nèi)橫渡大西洋。

  Linda’s coming will do you good.(主語) 林達的到來對你有好處。

  What made him angry was their (them) laughing.(表語)使他生氣的是他們笑。

  (五)動名詞的完成式和被動語態(tài):

  (1)完成式表示動名詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。例如:

  I apologize for having broken my promise. 我沒有遵守諾言,我道歉。

  I don’t remember having talked with him before.   我不記得以前曾和他談過話。

  恨不相逢未嫁時。 → I regret not having met you before my marriage/before I got married.

  (2)當動名詞的邏輯主語是動名詞動作的對象或承受者時,動名詞要用被動語態(tài)。例如:

  I could no longer stand being treated like that. 我再也不能忍受被那樣對待。

  She was proud of having been trained in the U.K. 在英國受過訓,她感到自豪。

  他不喜歡嘲笑別人。 →He doesn’t like laughing at others.

  他不喜歡被人嘲笑。→He doesn’t like being laughed at.

  (六)某些動詞可接不定式也可接動名詞做賓語,但意義有差別。

  (1)like, love, hate, prefer等表示喜愛,厭惡的動詞后面,可用動名詞也可用不定式作賓語,意義差別不大。但當這些詞前面有should或would時,一定要用動詞不定式作賓語。表示想要,愿意,打算。例如:

  She likes dancing. But she wouldn’t like to dance with you. 她喜歡跳舞。(泛指)但他不喜歡和你跳。(特指)

  He looked tired and I didn’t like to disturb him. 他看上去很累,我不想打擾他。

  I don’t like reading, but I’d like to read a magazine in bed tonight. 我不喜歡看書,但是今天晚上倒想躺在床上看本雜志。

  Little Jim should love to be taken to the theatre this evening. 小吉姆今晚喜歡被帶去看戲。

  The reporter would /should like to see you again. 那位記者還想見見你。

  We don’t like talking about people behind their backs.我們不喜歡背后議論人。

  hate to do sth 表示“真不想做某事,(但不得不做)”。如:

  I hate to disturb you now, but I have no choice. 我真不想現(xiàn)在打擾你,但沒有辦法。

  (2) forget to do sth.忘記去做某事(未做)

  forget doing sth.忘記做過某事(已做)

  例如:

  The light in the office is still on. She forgot to turn it off. 辦公室的燈還在亮著。她忘記關(guān)了。(關(guān)燈的動作沒做)

  The light in the office is off. She turned it off, but she forgot turning it off. 辦公室的燈沒亮著。是她關(guān)的,但她忘記關(guān)過燈。(已關(guān)過燈,她忘了)

  她昨天又來還我二百元錢。她忘記上個月還我了!鶶he came to pay back RMB 200 to me again yesterday. She forgot having paid it back to me last month.

  (3)remember to do sth.記著去做某事

  remember doing sth. 記得做過某事

  例如:

  Do you remember meeting me at a party last year? 你記得去年一次宴會上見過我嗎?(已見過面)

  You must remember to leave tomorrow。 你一定要記著明天離開。(還沒離開)

  (4)stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事

  stop doing sth. 停止做某事

  例如:

  She stopped to have a rest on a big rock by the side of the path. 她停下來,在路邊的一塊大石頭上休息。

  As long as you live, your heart never stops beating, 只要你活著,你的心臟就永遠不會停止跳動。

  (5) regret to do sth. 對尚未做的或正在做的事情表示遺憾;

  regret doing sth. 對已做的事情表示后悔

  例如:

  I regret saying that.  我后悔說了那話。

  I regret to tell you the following truth.  我非常遺憾地告訴你下面這個事實。

  (6)try to do sth努力去做某事

  try doing sth.做某事試一試

  例如:

  You must try to do it again. 你必須想方設(shè)法再做一次。

  Let’s try doing the work in some other way. 咱們用另一種方法做這工作試試。

  (7) mean to do sth. 打算、意欲做某事

  mean doing sth.意味著做某事

  例如:

  If it means delaying more than a week, I’ll not wait. 如果這意味著拖延一個多星期,我就不等了。

  I mean to help you, and nothing else. 我想幫助你們,沒別的。

  我不是想傷害你,對不起!鶬 didn’t mean to hurt you. I’m sorry.

  宣布臺獨就是對中國宣戰(zhàn)!鶧eclaring Taiwan independent means declaring war on China.

  (8) go on to do sth.做了一件事又去做另一件

  go on doing sth繼續(xù)做原來的事情

  例如:

  After he finished his maths, he went on to do his physics. 他作完數(shù)學后,接著又做物理。

  I hope it won’t go on raining all day long.  我希望這雨別一天下個沒完。

  C分詞

  分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。

  作為謂語,現(xiàn)在分詞和be 一起構(gòu)成進行時;過去分詞和be一起構(gòu)成被動語態(tài),和have一起構(gòu)成完成時。

  例如:

  I am reading a novel by Maupassant. 我正在看一本莫泊桑寫的小說。(現(xiàn)在分詞和be 一起表示主語正在進行的動作。)

  Mr. Robinson has drunk five glasses of wine already. 魯賓遜先生已經(jīng)喝了五杯酒了。(過去分詞和have 一起表示主語已經(jīng)完成的動作。)

  The gold fish bowl was broken by Xiao Tao just now. 金魚缸剛才被小陶打破了。(過去分詞和be 一起表示主語是動作的承受者。)

  作為非謂語形式,分詞可用作形容詞和副詞,在句子中充當定語、表語、補語和狀語。但它仍保持動詞的一般特征,可以有自己的賓語和狀語。分詞和自己的賓語、狀語構(gòu)成分詞短語。

  現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式。它的一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生的行為或存在的狀態(tài);它的完成式(having + 過去分詞)表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。

  現(xiàn)在分詞有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)(being + 過去分詞)。

  過去分詞只有一般式,表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的動作。過去分詞(及物動詞)本身可以表示被動的含義,因而沒有別的被動形式。

  例如:

  Having failed three times, he didn’t want to try again. (=As he had failed three times, he didn’t want to try again.) 他失敗了三次,不想再干了。(having failed 表示發(fā)生在前的動作)

  Walking along the sands, Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a man’s foot. (=While he was walking along the sands, Crusoe…) 克魯索沿著沙灘走的時候,看見沙上有人的腳印。(walking 表示同時發(fā)生的動作)

  The question being discussed seems important. (=The question is being discussed. It seems important.) 正在討論的問題似乎很重要。

  The old days are gone. 舊時代一去不復返了。(gone 表示完成的狀態(tài))

  I had my hair cut yesterday. 我昨天理發(fā)了。(cut 是及物動詞的過去分詞,表示“被人理發(fā)”。)

  分詞的否定形式是在分詞短語前面加上not, never等否定詞構(gòu)成。

  例如:

  Not fearing the fire, the child touched and got a finger burnt. 小孩兒不知道怕火,用手去摸,把手指燙了。

  Not knowing how to find the subway, I asked a policeman for help. 我不知道怎樣找到地鐵,就去找警察幫忙。

  (一)現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別

  (1)在語態(tài)上現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的意思,表示它所修飾的人或物的行為;及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動的意思,表示它所修飾的人或物是動作的承受者。換言之,現(xiàn)在分詞是它修飾的成分所作出的動作,過去分詞是它修飾的成分所承受的動作。

  例如:

  convincing facts 有說服力的事實 / convinced audience 被說服了的聽眾

  the exploiting class 剝削階級 / the exploited class被剝削階級

  a frightening dog一條讓人害怕的狗 / a frightened dog一條被嚇壞了的狗

  driving gears主動齒輪 / driven gears從動齒輪

  (2)在時間上,現(xiàn)在分詞往往表示動作正在進行,過去分詞表示動作已完成。

  例如:

  the rising sun (正在升起的太陽) / the risen sun(升起的太陽)

  the falling rain(正在下的雨)/ the fallen leaves(落下的樹葉)

  stolen money(被盜的錢/偷來的錢)/ill-gotten wealth(不義之財)

  a high-flying kite(高飛的風箏)

  再看一些例子:

  boiling water 沸騰的水/boiled water 開水/developing countries 發(fā)展中國家/developed countries 發(fā)達國家/an exciting story 令人激動的故事/ excited people 激動的人們

  (2)在時間上,現(xiàn)在分詞往往表示動作正在進行,過去分詞表示動作已完成。

  再看一些例子:

  surprising news令人驚訝的消息/a surprised man受驚嚇的人/an inspiring leader具有號召力的領(lǐng)袖/the inspired soldiers受到鼓舞的士兵/a delighted speech令人高興的演說/the delighted audience(感到)高興的聽眾/a moving film動人的電影/the moved children受到感到的孩子們/a box containing tea裝茶葉的盒子/the tea contained in a box裝在盒里的茶葉/ falling snow正在下的雪/fallen snow box落在地上的雪

  (3)做表語時的不同,F(xiàn)在分詞做表語表示主語所具有的特征,意思是“令人如何”。過去分詞多表示主語所處的狀態(tài),意思是“感到如何”。

  例如:

  His lecture is disappointing。I’m disappointed。他的演講令人失望。我感到失望。

  We are surprised to hear the news。The news is surprising。我們聽到那消息吃了一驚。那消息令人吃驚。

  The situation is encouraging。 We’re encouraged。形式使人鼓舞。我們感到鼓舞。

  常用的還有:amusing/amused,astonishing/astonished,disappointing/disappointed,exciting/excited,frightening/frightened,interesting interested,moving/moved, relaxing/relaxed,satisfying/satisfied,shocking/shocked,surprising/surprised,terrifying/terrified,tiring/tired,worrying/worried等等。

  (4)做狀語的區(qū)別,分詞短語在句中可做時間、原因、方式、伴隨狀語,F(xiàn)在分詞的動作和謂語動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生、意思是主動的。而過去分詞的動作在謂語動作之前發(fā)生、意思是被動的。

  例如:

  Seeing nobody at home,she decided to leave them a note?吹?jīng)]人在家,她決定給他們留個條。(主動意義,幾乎同時)

  The secretary worked late into the night,preparing a speech for the president。秘書工作到晚上很晚,給總統(tǒng)準備一篇演說。(主動意義,同時)

  Tired of the noise,he closed the window。對噪音感到厭煩,所以他把窗戶關(guān)上。(被動意義,在謂語之前)

  Deeply moved,she thanked me again and again。她深深地受了感動,再三謝我。(被動意義,在謂語之前)

  Persuade by my mother,she gladly went there alone。在我母親勸說下,她才高興地獨自去那里。(被動意義,在謂語之前)

  如果現(xiàn)在分詞的動作在謂語動作之前發(fā)生,現(xiàn)在分詞要用完成形式,但意思仍然是主動的。

  例如:

  Having watered the vegetables,they began to pick up the Apples。=After they had watered the vegetables,they began to pick up the apples。他們澆完了蔬菜之后就開始摘蘋果。

  Having finished the work,he packed his tools and left。完工后,他收拾起工具走了。

  分詞做狀語時,前面可用連詞或介詞。

  例如:

  After eating my dinner quickly,I went to see Jim off。我趕快吃過晚飯就去給吉姆送行。

  Though built before the Second World War,the engine is still in good condition。盡管是在二戰(zhàn)以前建的,這引擎仍然處于良好狀態(tài)。

  Unless paying by credit card,please pay in cash。如果不用信用卡付款,請用現(xiàn)金付。

  Tom will never do this unless compelled。湯姆永遠也不會干這種事,除非被逼無奈。

  She’s been quite different since coming back from America。從美國回來后,她大變了。

  (二)用法

  1.作定語。作定語的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前。如果被修飾的詞是something,anything,everything,nothing等,則分詞放在這些詞之后。分詞短語通常放在被修飾的名詞之后。

  例如:

  This is an interesting book。(=This is a book。It is interesting。)這是一本有趣的書。

  There is something interesting in the news。(=There is something in the news。 It is interesting。)消息中有些有趣的事。

  The man sitting by the window is our math teacher。(=The man who is sitting by the window is our math teacher。)靠窗戶坐著的那個人是我們的數(shù)學老師

  The machine run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。(=The machine that is run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。)那位老工人開的機器是上海造的。

  Most of students singing were girls。(=Most of the students who were singing…)唱歌的學生多數(shù)是女生。

  Many of the villagers questioned refused to answer。(=Many of the villagers who were questioned…)被問的許多村里人都拒絕。

  注意:(1)分詞作定語與動名詞作定語的區(qū)別:

  分詞和它所修飾的名詞有邏輯上的主、謂關(guān)系。動名詞則沒有這種關(guān)系,而表示它所修飾的詞的用途或有關(guān)動作。

現(xiàn)在分詞

動名詞

A sleeping child(a child who is sleeping)正在睡覺的孩子

A sleeping car(a car for sleeping)臥車

A flying bird(a bird that is flying)飛鳥

A flying course(a course for flying)飛行課程

A swimming girl(a girl who is swimming)游泳的女孩

A swimming pool(a pool for swimming)游泳池

The running water(the water that is running)流水

The running track(the track for running)跑道

  現(xiàn)在分詞和它所修飾的名詞都要重讀,動名詞所修飾的名詞則不必重讀。

  (2)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時,它表示動作正在進行或與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生(或差不多同時發(fā)生)。

  例如:

  Who is the boy dancing over there?在那兒跳舞的少年是誰呀?

  The girls swimming in the sea were in danger。 在海里游泳的姑娘們有危險。

  如果兩個動作在時間上有先后,一般不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,而往往用主從復合句結(jié)構(gòu)。

  例如:

  The man who has gone to Shanghai will be back again。到上海去的那個人會回來的。

  The teacher wants to talk to the students who smashed the windows。老師要找打破了窗子的那個學生談話。

  (3)be的現(xiàn)在分詞being不能用作定語(可用作狀語或被動語態(tài)中的助動詞)。表示這種概念時,也用主從復合句結(jié)構(gòu)。

  例如:

  He has a brother who is a worker。他有一個當工人的兄弟。

  2、作狀語。分詞和分詞短語作狀語時,可以表示時間、原因、行為方式等意義。表示時間和原因的分詞短語相當于對應的狀語從句。

  例如:

  Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up。(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room,They stood up。)學生們看見老師走進房間,都站了起來。 (時間)

  Heated,the Metal expands。 (=The metal expands if /when it is heated。)金屬受熱而膨脹。(條件、時間)

  Being excited,I couldn’t go to sleep。(=As I was excited ,I couldn’t go to sleep。)我興奮得睡不著覺。(原因)

  Being a student,he was interested in sports。(=As he was a student,he was interested in sports。)

  他是個學生,所以對體育運動感興趣。(原因)

  Inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech,Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。(=As they were inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech,Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。)李華和他的同學們受到楊博士講話的鼓舞,決定更加努力學習物理。 (原因)

  The children went away laughing。=The children went away。They laughed as they went。孩子們笑著走開了。(行為方式)

  The professor stood there,surrounded by many students。(=The professor stood there。He was surrounded by many students。)教授站在那里,許多學生圍著他。(行為方式)

  While reading the newspaper,father nodded from time to time。(=While he was reading the newspaper,father nodded from time to time。)看報時,父親不時地點頭。(時間)(分詞前,可加表示時間的連詞while或when。)

  3、作賓語補足語。

  例如:

  Can you get the machine going again?你能使機器再動起來嗎?

  You should have your hair cut。你該理發(fā)了。

  I saw him coming last night。我昨天晚上看見他來了。

  4、作表語。

  例如:

  The film is very moving。這部影片很感人。

  Your homework is well done。你的作業(yè)做得好。

  The visitors looked surprised.參觀者看上去很驚訝。

  The boys were seen walking on the grass。有人看見孩子們在草地上散步。

  5、作句子獨立成分(分詞有自己的邏輯主語時,稱為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。)

  例如:

  Flags flying,the army men marched in the streets。旗幟飄揚,軍隊在街上行進。

  All his ribs broken,he lay half dead。他的肋骨全部折斷,半死不活地躺著。

  分詞(短語)作狀語時,其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致。如果不一致,必須用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來表示,也就是在分詞前面加上它的邏輯主語。

  My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn’t want the children to play together我妻子與莎莉談了很長時間,解釋她為什么不想讓孩子們在一起玩。(現(xiàn)在分詞explaining是句子主語my wife做的動作,它們之間是主動關(guān)系)

  Given more attention,the trees could have grown better。如果對這些樹多關(guān)心一些,它們本來會長得更好。(過去分詞given表示的動作是句子主語the trees承受的動作,它們之間是被動關(guān)系)

  We explored the caves,Peter acting as guide。我們到那山洞探險,彼得做向?qū)А?(獨立主格)

  The train having gone,we had to wait another day。分詞短語做狀語時,前面可以加上連詞或介詞,但是分詞短語和句子之間不能用并列連詞(如but,and),因為并列連詞接的是兩個并列成分,而分詞短語只是全句的一個狀語部分。分詞和主句之間可用逗號。

  例如:

  誤:Having been told many times,but he still couldn’t understand it。

  正:He was told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it。

  注意:(1)分詞作狀語時,邏輯主語即句子的主語;否則要用從句或獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來表示。

  例如:

  Looking out of the window,I saw lots of people there。(=When I looked out of the window,I saw lots of people there。)

  我往窗外一看,看見那兒有許多人。 (looking out of the window的邏輯主語,就是句子的主語I。)

  (2)在see,hear,watch,notice等動詞后,用動詞不定式作賓語補語,通常表示(強調(diào))動作從開始到結(jié)束的全過程。如果用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補語,則通常表示動作正在進行。

  例如:

  We sat two hours and watched the teacher make the experiment。我們坐了兩個小時,看老師做實驗。(兩小時一直在看老師做實驗)

  We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment。我們走過教室,看見老師在做實驗。(只是在走過教宰的一剎那間,看見老師正存做實驗)

  I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back。我看見他走進房間,打開抽屜,拿出一份文件,拍了照又放回去(表示一個接一個的一系列動作的全過程時,用動詞不定式。

  I noticed them sitting in the corner and talking about something secret。我注意到他們坐在角落里在談?wù)撌裁疵孛苁聝骸?(表示幾個同時正在進行的動作,用現(xiàn)在分詞)

  (3)在“have+賓語+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,用現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞表示的意義不同。在“have+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作往往是主體讓(叫、使、聽任、允許)客體做的,或使客體保持或處于某種狀態(tài)。

  例如:

  He had the fire burning day and night。他讓火日夜燃燒著。

  Father had me swimming the whole summer vacation。父親讓我整個署假天天游泳。

  在“have(get)+賓語+過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,過去分詞所表示的動作往往是別人做的或與主體的意志無關(guān)。

  例如:

  Mary had her dress washed。瑪麗叫別人洗了她的衣服。(衣服是被洗)

  had his legs broken。他的腿骨折斷了。(表示與主體意志無關(guān)的客觀遭遇)

  I had my watch stolen yesterday。昨天我的表被人偷了。(表是被偷)

  They had Jack beaten。他們叫人打了杰克。(Jack是被打)

  (4)分詞作表語時,現(xiàn)在分詞有“主動”、“進行”、“使”等意義;過去分詞有“被動”、“完成”“受”、“感到…”等意義。

  例如:

  The story is interesting。這個故事很有意思。(故事使人感興趣)

  He is interested in dancing。他對舞蹈感興趣。

  (5)謂語動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時和作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同;被動語態(tài)動詞謂語和作表語的過去分詞形式相同,但兩者的意思不一樣。

  試比較:

  They are moving their bed.他們正在搬床。 (are moving是謂語,表示主體的動作)

  The story is very moving.這個故事很感人。 (moving是表語,表示主體的特征)

  Her homework was done by her sister.她的作業(yè)是她姐姐做的。 (was done是謂語動詞被動語態(tài))

  Her homework is well done.她的作業(yè)做得很好。( done是表語)

  (6)generally speaking(一般地說),roughly speaking(粗略地說),strictly speaking(嚴格地說)等現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)都是習慣用語,在句子中作插入語。

  例如:

  Generally speaking,a footballer of 20 is better than one of 40。

  一般地說,二十歲的足球隊員比四十歲的強。

  (7)分詞短語的邏輯主語就是句子的主語,而獨立結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語和句子的主語是不同的。

  例如:

  The last bus having gone,we had to walk home.

  末班公共汽車已開走了,我們只好走路回家。

  (三)分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

  過去分詞可以表示“被動”和“完成”等意義,因此沒有時態(tài)和語態(tài)方面的形式變化。下面談一下現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。

  1.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式(having+過去分詞)表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前或兩個動作在時間上有一定的間隔。

  例如:

  Having written the letter,John went to the post office.

  (=After he had written the letter,John went to the post office.

  約翰寫完信后,就去郵局了。

  Having lived in Beijing for years,Lao Wang knows the city quite well.

  (=As he has lived in Beijing for years,Lao Wang knows the city quite well.)

  老王在北京住了多年,所以對這個城市很熟悉。

  Having drunk two glasses of water, Xiao Ma felt a little better.

  (=After he had drunk two glasses of water Xiao Ma felt a little better.)

  小馬喝了兩杯水,感覺好一些了

  一般式和完成式現(xiàn)在分詞都可以表示先后接連發(fā)生的動作。在可能引起誤解的場合應該用完成式現(xiàn)在分詞表示先發(fā)生的動作。

  例如:

  Opening the drawer,he took out his wallet.

  (=He opened the drawer and took out his wallet.)

  他打開抽屜,拿出錢包。

  Coming into the room,he put down his bag.

  (=he came into the room and put down his bag.)

  他走進房間,放下提包。

  Having brushed his teeth,Mr. Brown came downstairs for breakfast.

  布朗先生刷過牙,就下樓來吃早飯。

  (此句如寫成:Brushing his teeth, Mr. Brown came downstairs for breakfast.可能指“邊刷牙,邊下樓’。)

  2.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)(being +過去分詞)通常表示“正在被…”的意思。如強調(diào)現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前時,可用現(xiàn)在分詞被動語態(tài)的完成式(having + been +過去分詞)。

  例如:

  The bridge being built will be completed next month.正在修建的那座橋?qū)⒂谙略峦瓿伞?/P>

  Having been kept out of the room about half an hour for his returning late,Tom was let in.湯姆回來晚了,所以被關(guān)在門外半小時左右才讓他進去。

糾錯評論責編:examwkk
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