請(qǐng)將下面這段話(huà)翻譯成英文：

　　清朝

　　清朝(1616-1912年)也稱(chēng)“大清國(guó)”和“大清國(guó)”，是中國(guó)歷史上最后一個(gè)君主制王朝，由滿(mǎn)族(女真族)統(tǒng)治。1616年努爾哈赤建立“后金”，1636年皇太極改國(guó)號(hào)為“清”。清朝歷經(jīng)276年11位皇帝，君主專(zhuān)制發(fā)展到頂峰，疆域最廣時(shí)總面積約1316萬(wàn)平方千米，晚清1908年縮水至1135萬(wàn)平方千米。1840年鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后遭多國(guó)列強(qiáng)入侵，主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土喪失嚴(yán)重。1911年辛亥革命后清帝頒布退位詔書(shū)，清朝滅亡。至此，中國(guó)2132年的帝制歷史終結(jié)。

　　參考譯文

　　The Qing Dynasty

　　The Qing Dynasty (1616-1912), also known as the "Great Qing State", or "Great Qing of China", is the last monarchic dynasty in Chinese history established and governed by the Manchu people (Jurchens). In 1616, Nurhaci established the "Later Jin", which was changed into "Qing" by Hong Taiji in 1636. The Qing Dynasty lasted 276 years with 11 emperors, with the autocratic monarchy reaching to its peak. It boasted a total area of the territory of about 13,160,000 square kilometers at most, which declined to 11,350,000 square kilometers in 1908, the late Qing Dynasty. After the Opium War in 1840, it suffered the aggressions of many powers accompanied by serious loss of sovereignty and territories. In 1911, after the Revolution of 1911, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty issued a decree to abdicate, which put an end to the Qing Dynasty and of China’s 2,132 years of monarchic history.

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