The Definition of "Price"

　　Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by

　　which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among

　　buyers. The price system of the United States is a complex network composed

　　of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as

　　well as those of a myriad of services, including labor,

　　professional, transportation, and public-utility services. The

　　interrelationships of all these prices make up the

　　"system" of prices. The price of any particular product or service is

　　linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems

　　to depend more or less upon everything else. If one were to ask a group

　　of randomly selected individuals to define "price", many would reply that

　　price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or

　　service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a

　　product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This

　　definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete

　　understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than

　　the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller

　　should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and

　　quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at

　　which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of

　　money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the

　　transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return

　　privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should

　　be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total "package" being

　　exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may

　　evaluate a given price.

　　"價(jià)格"的定義 價(jià)格決定資源的使用方式。 價(jià)格也是有限的產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)在買方中的配給 手段。

　　美國的價(jià)格系統(tǒng)是復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)，包括經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中一切產(chǎn)品買賣的價(jià)格，也包括 名目繁多的各種服務(wù)，諸如勞動力、專職人員、交通運(yùn)輸、公共事業(yè)等服務(wù)的價(jià)格。

　　所有 這些價(jià)格的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系構(gòu)成了價(jià)格系統(tǒng)。 任何一種個(gè)別產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的價(jià)格都與這個(gè)龐大而復(fù)

　　雜的系統(tǒng)密切相關(guān)，而且或多或少地受到系統(tǒng)中其它成份的制約。如果隨機(jī)挑選一群人，問

　　問他們?nèi)绾味�義"價(jià)格"，許多人會回答價(jià)格就是根據(jù)賣方提供的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)，買方向其付出 的錢數(shù)。

　　換句話說，價(jià)格就是市場交易中大家認(rèn)同的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的貨幣量。 該定義就其本 身來說自有其道理。

　　但要獲得對價(jià)格在任何一樁交易中的完整認(rèn)識，就必須考慮到大量" 非貨幣"因素的影響。 買賣雙方不但要清楚交易中的錢數(shù)，而且要非常熟悉交易物的質(zhì)量和

　　數(shù)量，交易的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)，采用哪種形式付款，有怎樣的緩付和優(yōu)惠，對交易物的質(zhì)量保證、 交貨條款、退賠權(quán)利等等。

　　也就是說，為了能估算索價(jià)，買賣雙方必須通曉構(gòu)成交易物價(jià) 格的通盤細(xì)節(jié)。