1、中國酒文化 Chinese Wine Culture

　　中國人在7000年以前就開始用谷物釀酒。總的來說，不管是古代還是現(xiàn)代，酒都和中國文化息息相關(guān)。長久以來，中國的酒文化在人們生活中一直扮演著重要的角色。我們的祖先在寫詩時以酒助興，在宴會中和親朋好友敬酒。作為一種文化形式，酒文化也是普通百姓生活中不可分割的部分，比如生日宴會、送別晚宴、婚禮慶典等。

　　Chinese people began to make spirits with grains seven thousand years ago. Generally speaking，wine has a close connection with culture in China in both ancient and modern times. Chinese wine culture has been playing a quite important role in Chinese people's life for a long time. Our Chinese ancestors used wine to enjoy themselves while writing poetry, or to make a toast to their relatives and friends during a feast. Wine culture, as a kind of culture form, is also an inseparable part in the life of ordinary Chinese people such as birthday party, farewell dinner, wedding, etc.

　　2、中國書法Chinese Calligraphy

　　中國書法歷史悠久，它不僅是漢字的傳統(tǒng)書寫形式，也是體現(xiàn)自我修養(yǎng)和自我表達的藝術(shù)。作者的內(nèi)心世界通過美妙的字體得以體現(xiàn)。書法在中國藝術(shù)中擁有舉足輕重的地位，因為它影響到了其它的中國藝術(shù)形式，比如古典詩歌、雕塑、傳統(tǒng)音樂及舞蹈、建筑及手工藝品。作為傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)瑰寶，中國書法被全世界人民所喜愛，且越來越受到歡迎。

　　Chinese calligraphy is not only a traditional Chinese characters writing with a long history, but also an art of self-cultivation and self-expression. Inner world of the writer could be reflected with the help of beautiful Chinese script. Chinese calligraphy plays an important role in Chinese art, for it has influenced other Chinese artistic forms like classical poetry, sculpture, traditional music and dance, architecture and handicrafts. As a treasured artistic form of Chinese culture, Chinese calligraphy is enjoyed by people throughout the world and is becoming more and more popular.

　　3、中國山水畫Landscape Painting

　　山水畫一直以來都被譽為中國繪畫的最高境界。它品味高端，很受歡迎。一般意義上，中國山水畫被認(rèn)為是書法、繪畫及詩歌的結(jié)合或延伸。漢語“山水”這個詞由“山”和“水”兩個漢字組成，且與道教的哲學(xué)思想相聯(lián)系，它強調(diào)的是人與自然的和諧。中國畫家描繪的并不總是真實的世界，他們呈現(xiàn)的是自己想象出來的風(fēng)景，這些風(fēng)景不再只是對眼前世界的描繪，而是畫家內(nèi)在思想的寫照。因此，人們認(rèn)為欣賞山水畫除了可以很好地了解畫家的內(nèi)心世界之外，還可以凈化自己的靈魂。

　　Landscape painting is traditionally considered as the highest form of Chinese painting styles. It is very popular and is associated with refined scholarly taste. Chinese Landscape painting in general is seen as a combination or extension of calligraphy, painting, and poetry. The Chinese term for “l(fā)andscape” is made up of two characters meaning “mountains and water”. It is linked with the philosophy of Daoism, which emphasizes harmony with the natural world. Chinese artists do not usually paint real place but imaginary landscape which is no longer about the description of the visible world, but a means of conveying the inner mind. People therefore believe that looking at landscape painting is a good way to realize the artist’s inner heart as well as a way to purify their souls.

　　4、中國戲曲 Chinese Opera

　　在中國，戲曲是一種很流行的戲劇形式，一般來說，可以追溯到唐朝時期，當(dāng)時的皇帝唐玄宗創(chuàng)立了“梨園”。如今，許多外國人也很喜歡中國的戲曲。最吸引他們的則是戲曲的獨有風(fēng)格—畫臉譜，它不僅是戲曲中的一大亮點，同時還要求獨特的繪畫技藝。每個演員臉上夸張的扮相代表其扮演角色的性格和命運。熟知戲曲的觀眾通過觀察演員的臉譜和服裝就可以知道角色背后的故事。通常，紅色臉譜代表忠誠與勇敢;黑色代表兇猛;黃色和白色代表口是心非;金色和銀色代表神秘。7對于中國人，特別是老年人，欣賞戲曲是他們的一大樂趣。

　　Chinese opera is a popular form of drama in China. In general, it dates back to the Tang Dynasty with Emperor Xuanzong, who founded the “Pear Garden”. Now Chinese opera is warmly welcomed by many foreign people. What appeals foreigners most might be the distinctive style of facial make-up, which is one of the highlights and requires distinctive techniques of painting. Exaggerated designs are painted on each performer's face to symbolize a character's personality, and fate. Audiences who are familiar with opera can know the story by observing the facial painting as well as the costumes. Generally, a red face represents loyalty and bravery; a black face, rough ; yellow and white faces, duplicity; and golden and silver faces, mystery. For Chinese, especially older folks, to listen to opera is a real pleasure.

　　5、京劇 Peking Opera

　　京劇是中國的一種傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)。它是中國戲曲的一種，誕生于于1790年四大徽班(Four Great Anhui Troupes)入京表演的時候。19世紀(jì)中期得到快速發(fā)展，到清朝達到全盛階段。京劇被看成是中國的文化瑰寶之一。雖然它被稱為京劇，但是它的起源地卻是中國的安徽省和湖北省。京劇起初是一種宮廷表演藝術(shù)，而后才慢慢普及到民間。在數(shù)百年前，京劇作為一種新的戲曲形式，無論在哪里進行表演，都飽受歡迎。而在現(xiàn)代社會中，包括京劇在內(nèi)的傳統(tǒng)戲曲卻不大能被年輕人接受，面臨著巨大的生存危機。

　　Peking opera is a traditional art in China. It is a kind of Chinese opera which was born when the Four Great Anhui Troupes came to Beijing in 1790, arose in the mid-19th century and was extremely popular in the Qing Dynasty. Peking opera is widely regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China. Although it is called Beijing opera, its origins are in the Chinese provinces of Anhui and Hubei. Peking opera was originally staged for the court and came into the public later. Hundreds of years ago, as a new drama form, wherever it was performed, it would be warmly welcomed.. Unfortunately, in the modern world, traditional operas including Peking Opera have to face the existential crisis, because they are not easily accepted by younger generations.

　　6、昆曲Kunqu Opera

　　昆曲是中國古老戲曲中的一種，起源于江蘇昆山，擁有600多年的歷史。它是連接過去與現(xiàn)在，中國與世界的紐帶，對現(xiàn)今中國的戲曲形式，包括川劇與京劇在內(nèi)，都產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。 昆曲蘊含了各種意象美，從音樂、舞蹈到詩歌，人們的精神世界甚至中國人的靈魂，都有所體現(xiàn)。正因為如此，昆曲在過去廣受歡迎，也成了中國文化遺產(chǎn)中最珍貴的部分。但是現(xiàn)在，昆曲不僅面臨著來自大眾流行文化的挑戰(zhàn)，而且年輕人也對其缺乏興趣。只有進行適當(dāng)?shù)谋Ｗo，昆曲才能擁有美好的未來。 　 Kunqu Opera, which originated in the Kunshan region of Jiangsu province, is one of China’s classical operas with a history of more than 600 years. Kunqu Opera serves as a link between past and present, China and the world. It has exerted a dominant influence on recent forms of opera in China, including the Sichuan and Beijing operas. Kunqu Opera embraced every imaginable beauty, from music and dance, to poetry and people’s spirit world and even very soul of the Chinese nation, so that Kunqu Opera was so popular in the past and became the most valuable parts of China’s cultural heritage. But now, Kunqu Opera is facing competition from mass culture and a lack of interest amongst the young. It can only have a bright future when it is protected in a proper way.

　　7、唐詩Poems of the Tang Dynasty

　　唐代，是中國古典詩歌的鼎盛時期，在不到300年的時間里，涌現(xiàn)出了許多著名的詩人和詩作。清朝時編輯的《全唐詩》(Poems of the Tang Dynasty)已收錄2200多位詩人創(chuàng)作的48900多首詩歌。這些詩歌讓人們深入了解到當(dāng)時社會生活的各個方面。中國人很喜歡唐詩，就連小孩子也能背出幾首，如李白的《靜夜思》(Thoughts in the Silent Night)，杜甫的《春夜喜雨》(Good Rain on a Spring Night)等等。唐詩不僅是中國古代文學(xué)史上最光輝的一頁，而且也是人類文化史中的一個奇跡。

　　The Tang Dynasty witnessed the peak of Chinese ancient poetry, with many renowned poets and famous works appearing over a period of less than 300 years. Poems of the Tang Dynasty edited during the Qing Dynasty has collected more than 48,900 poems written by over 2,200 poets. These poems provide an insight into all aspects of the social life of the period. Chinese people are very fond of Tang poetry, and even children can recite some from memory, such as Thoughts in the Silent Night by Li Bai, Good Rain on a Spring Night by Du Fu, etc. Tang poetry not only serves as a most brilliant page in the history of ancient Chinese literature, but is also a miracle in the history of human culture.

　　8、中國武術(shù) Chinese Martial Arts/ Kungfu

　　中國武術(shù)擁有悠久的歷史，在中國廣為流行。受中國古典美學(xué)所提倡的剛?cè)岵�濟的影響，中國武術(shù)形成了自己的審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。3現(xiàn)在很多人習(xí)武是為了健康、娛樂和競技。為了更好地傳承這一古老的技藝，全國各地開設(shè)有很多的武術(shù)俱樂部和協(xié)會。自1980年起，一大批武術(shù)專業(yè)的畢業(yè)生被分配到學(xué)校里教授武術(shù)�，F(xiàn)在很多專家通過將搏斗技巧和健康結(jié)合到一起，試著將武術(shù)變?yōu)橐豁椏茖W(xué)的運動。他們希望有一天，武術(shù)可以作為一項賽事納入奧運會中。

　　Chinese martial arts enjoy a long history and great popularity in China. Influenced by ancient Chinese aesthetics which advocated a balance between hardness and softness, Chinese martial arts have formed their own aesthetic standards. Today, many people practice it to pursue health, entertainment and competition. In order to inherit the ancient art, many martial arts clubs and associations have been established across China. Since 1980, a large number of graduates majoring in martial arts have been assigned to teach martial arts in schools. Many specialists today are tying to turn martial arts into a scientific sport by combining fighting skills with health. They hope that one day martial arts will become a sport event at the Olympic Games.

　　9、長城The Great Wall

　　長城，作為中國的象征之一，不僅是中國的奇跡，也是整個世界的奇跡。它始建于春秋戰(zhàn)國時期，秦始皇統(tǒng)一中國后，連結(jié)了各段長城以抵御外敵入侵�，F(xiàn)存的長城遺跡主要為建于14世紀(jì)的明長城。長城有著兩千多年的歷史，于1987年被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列為世界遺產(chǎn)。現(xiàn)如今，長城仍是世界上最受歡迎的景點之一。

　　As one of the symbols of China, the Great Wall is a wonder not only to China but also to the whole world. The Great Wall was first built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. After the unification of China, the first Emperor of Qin linked up different sections of the walls to prevent the invasion of the enemies. The present preserved Great Wall of China is the major parts built in the 14th century, called Ming Great Wall. With a long history of more than 2,000 years, the Great Wall of China was listed as World Heritage by UNESCO in 1987. Until now, the Great Wall is still one of the most popular attractions in the world.

　　10、故宮The Imperial Palace

　　故宮又名紫禁城，位于北京市中心，占地面積72萬平方米。它擁有眾多的庭院，四面有高墻和護城河保護。明清兩代的皇帝和他們的家眷以及數(shù)百名宮女、太監(jiān)曾在這里居住。紫禁城于明朝1420年建成，普通百姓不能進入。在1924年清朝末代皇帝被逐出故宮后，故宮于1925年變成了故宮博物院并對外開放。

　　Standing/Lying in the center of Beijing, the Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City, covers an area of 720,000 square meters. It consists of dozens of courtyards and is protected by high walls and a moat on all four sides. The emperors of two dynasties, the Ming and the Qing, lived here with their families and hundreds of court ladies and palace eunuchs. The Forbidden City was completed in 1420 during the Ming Dynasty, which was not accessible to the common people. The Palace was converted into a museum in 1925 and has been open to the public after the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty was driven out of the Palace in 1924.收起

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