長城
The Great Wall
也稱“萬里長城”。由城墻、敵樓、關(guān)城、烽火臺等多種建筑工事構(gòu)成的完整的防御體系。公元前3世紀(jì)，秦王朝在統(tǒng)一中國后，為防御匈奴南侵，將戰(zhàn)國時期燕、趙、秦等諸侯國修筑的長城連成一體并加固延長，修筑了西起臨洮(今甘肅岷縣)東至遼東(今遼寧省)、蜿蜒一萬余里的長城。
The Great Wall, also known as the "10, 000-li (5, 000 kilometer) long Great Wall,"was a complete defensive system consisting of walls, watchtowers, gated passes, and beacon towers. After unifying China in the 3rd century BC, the Qin Dynasty sought to ward off southward incursions of the northern nomadic tribes known as the Xiongnu by linking up and fortifying sections of the defense walls which had been built by the feudal states of Yan, Zhao, and Qin during the Warring States Period that had just ended. Extending about 10, 000 li, the Great Wall wound its way from Lintao in the west (present-day Minxian County, Gansu Province) to Liaodong in the east(present-day Liaoning Province).
此后，兩漢、北朝、隋等各代都曾在與北方游牧民族接壤的地帶修筑長城。
Later dynasties including the Western and Eastern Han, the Northern Dynasties, and the Sui Dynasty all added sections to the Great Wall in places abutting on northern nomadic tribal areas.
明朝是最后一個大修長城的朝代，自洪武至萬歷年間，先后修筑長城18次，今天人們看到的長城多是明長城。明長城西起嘉峪關(guān)，東至山海關(guān)，總長度為8851.8千米。
The Ming Dynasty was the last Chinese dynasty to engage in extensive construction of the Great Wall, which was rebuilt 18 times between the reigns of emperors Hongwu and Wanli. A great part of the Great Wall that still stands today is from the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Great Wall extends from the Jiayu Pass in the west to the Shanhai Pass in the east, with a total length of 8851.8 km.
長城是中國古代最偉大的軍事防御工程，后世常用“長城”或“萬里長城”比喻擔(dān)負(fù)國家重任的人，長城還成為民族團(tuán)結(jié)一心、眾志成城、堅不可摧的一種文化象征。
The Great Wall is the greatest defense work built in ancient China. Later the term a "great wall" or a "10, 000-li long great wall" often alludes to a person or a group of people who are a bulwark of the country. This term is also a symbol of fortitude and unity of the Chinese nation.
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