練習(xí)

　　1.The Declaration of Independence not only gave birth to the new American nation but also gave a philosophy of human rights to the world.

　　2.It was in Portugal, with the guidance of Prince Henry the Navigator, that exploration and discovery began in earnest. Driven partly by the hope of outflanking the Islamic world, partly by the hope of trade, the Portuguese by 1446 reached Cape Verde, then the equator, and by 1482 the Congo River.

　　3.In the nineteenth century, and especially after the coming of the steamship, the stream of European emigration to the new empty lands of America and Australia rose for some decades to the scale of a great migration.

　　4.The final Roman withdrawal in 408 followed a period of increasing disorder during which the island began to be raided by Angles, Saxons and Jutes from northern Europe. It is from the Angles that the name "England" derives.

　　5.On June 22, 1941, without a declaration of war, Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in history. Caught off guard, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed the Russian people to "scorch the earth" in front of the German invaders.

　　6.The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate General P. G. T.

　　Beauregard opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, and lasted until May 26, 1865, when the last Confederate army surrendered.

　　7.The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the rapid expansion of the Indian railroad network dramatically cut the time and costs of importing Indian products into Great Britain and other parts of the Empire.

　　8.Climatic conditions, overpopulation, political rivalries, civil war, and domestic economic policies also contributed notably throughout the twentieth century to the recurrent horror of famine.

　　9.Abraham Lincoln, was determined at all costs to preserve the unity of the nation, even if it meant war.

　　10.Renaissance was a movement called the "revival of learning", and as a result some brave people started their expedition by sailing west across the Atlantic with a belief in their minds that the earth was round.

　　答案

　　1.《獨(dú)立宣言》不僅宣告美國(guó)這個(gè)新型國(guó)家的誕生，而且將人權(quán)至上的哲學(xué)昭告于全世界。

　　2.歷史上，真正意義上的航海探索是在葡萄牙“航海家亨利親王”的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下開始的。葡萄牙人一方面希望繞過(guò)伊斯蘭世界，另一方面，又希望發(fā)展貿(mào)易。1446年他們的船隊(duì)到達(dá)佛得角，隨后行至赤道，1482年到達(dá)了剛果河。

　　3.19世紀(jì)，特別是出現(xiàn)汽船之后，歐洲向美洲和澳大利亞無(wú)人居住的新大陸移民的潮流涌動(dòng)了幾十年，到最后演變成大規(guī)模的遷移。

　　4.在羅馬人于408年最后撤走之前，該島開始遭到來(lái)自北歐的盎格魯人、撒克遜人和朱特人的侵?jǐn)_，經(jīng)歷了一段日趨混亂的時(shí)期�！癊ngland”這個(gè)詞正是從“Angles”而來(lái)的。

　　5.1941年6月22日，希特勒不宣而戰(zhàn)，入侵蘇聯(lián)，發(fā)動(dòng)了歷史上規(guī)模最大的一場(chǎng)陸地戰(zhàn)役。蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人約瑟夫·斯大林被打了個(gè)措手不及，他指示全國(guó)人民在德國(guó)入侵者到來(lái)之前實(shí)行“焦土”政策。

　　6.1861年4月12日，南部邦聯(lián)的博勒加德將軍對(duì)南卡羅來(lái)納州查爾斯頓港的薩姆特要塞首先開火，美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)，一直持續(xù)到1865午5月26日最后一支南部邦聯(lián)軍投降。

　　7.1869年蘇伊士運(yùn)河開通，后來(lái)鐵路在印度國(guó)內(nèi)迅速延伸，由此印度產(chǎn)品運(yùn)往英國(guó)及英帝國(guó)其他地方，時(shí)間大大縮短，成本大幅下降。

　　8.氣候變化、人口激增、政治對(duì)立、內(nèi)戰(zhàn)和國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策也是導(dǎo)致整個(gè)20世紀(jì)饑荒不斷的主要原因。

　　9.亞伯拉翰·林肯堅(jiān)持不惜一切代價(jià)維護(hù)聯(lián)邦的統(tǒng)一，即使發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，也在所不惜。

　　10.文藝復(fù)興被稱為“恢復(fù)學(xué)習(xí)”的運(yùn)動(dòng)，因此一些勇敢的人開始橫渡大西洋，向西航行，他們堅(jiān)信地球是圓的。

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