Section 1 Translation

　　Part 1 English-Chinese Translation (英譯漢)

　　Translate the following passage into Chinese.

　　The Travels of Marco Polo was conceived in a prison cell in Genoa, Italy, in 1298.

　　A few years earlier Polo had returned to the West after an epic journey that lasted

　　some 24 years. He then saw action in a naval battle between the Venetian and

　　Genoese fleets, and was captured. It was in jail that he met and befriended Rustichello

　　of Pisa, a well-known writer and collector of Arthurian romances. Their collaboration

　　yielded a book that would give Europe its first authoritative account of the Middle and

　　Far East, in particular China, and reveal the presence of a vast empire and advanced

　　civilization far greater than anything Europeans could achieve or even imagine.

　　More than 100 copies of that long-lost original exist, many dating from the 14th

　　and 15th centuries. There is no definitive manuscript, however, and all existing

　　versions have been embellished, doctored or censored by the Christian establishment

　　over the years. Modern editions are thus collations and translations of imperfect

　　copies. This murky history helps explain why the book describes what the Venetian

　　could not possibly have seen, and overlooks sights that any traveler to China must

　　have witnessed — like the Great Wall, foot-binding and chopsticks. Skeptics say that

　　Polo never ventured to China and that he and Rustichello used second-hand

　　information from other travelers, especially Arab traders. Certainly, there is no hard

　　historical evidence that Polo actually visited all the places he describes. But most of

　　the detail has since been corroborated by historians and geographers, confounding

　　critics and confirming the importance of the book as the fullest and most accurate

　　account of Asia in its time.

　　Originally called Description of the World, Travels aims for geographical

　　completeness, not the immediacy and excitement of personal encounter. It’s not a

　　travelogue. Consistent with the possibility that Polo was not an eyewitness, his book

　　is not “on-the-spot” reporting, and only loosely follows an itinerary. To modern

　　audiences, the book may seem dull and repetitive, to be dipped into, not read cover to

　　cover. Yet Travels was a revolutionary piece of writing. It radically altered European

　　understanding of Asia by forcing the West to recognize a superior culture in the East,

　　and, by describing with such verve the luxuries and sensuousness of Chinese cities, it

　　impressed the idea of an exotic East on the European psyche.

　　The Venetian literally changed the Western view of the world. European maps in

　　his time were based on Biblical interpretations and classical mythology. Jerusalem

　　was at the center. Then came Polo’s book, describing great civilizations in the East,

　　and a world not centered on Jerusalem, politically or geographically. This recasting of

　　the world into a more dynamic and multi-centered geographical space was the first

　　step toward what we now call globalization.

　　Travels is a book of liberal and enlightened humanism. No one can fail to

　　appreciate its celebration of the heterogeneity of nature, geography and, above all,

　　people. His work expresses wonder and joy in what is unfamiliar. Races are

　　differentiated but not denigrated, and the customs of different cultures are met with

　　enthusiastic curiosity, not the conformism and prejudice prevalent in Europe at the

　　time. Travels had a moral for medieval Europe: let diversity and tolerance replace

　　division and xenophobia — a moral no less relevant today than in Marco Polo’s time.

　　Part 2 Chinese-English Translation (漢譯英)

　　Translate the following passage into English.

　　建立和完善刑事缺席審判制度是懲治和預(yù)防腐敗犯罪的需要。腐敗是人類社

　　會的一個痼疾。隨著經(jīng)濟全球化進程的加快，腐敗犯罪越來越猖獗，給當(dāng)今世界

　　各國造成許多嚴重問題。腐敗還同有組織犯罪和包括洗錢在內(nèi)的經(jīng)濟犯罪之間有

　　著千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系。

　　懲治和預(yù)防腐敗是社會各界和世界各國政府的共同要求。就目前我國的司法

　　實踐來看，我國反腐敗形勢依然嚴峻，腐敗案件仍處在多發(fā)高發(fā)時期，部分貪官

　　攜款外逃現(xiàn)象屢屢發(fā)生。由于許多國家沒有與我國簽訂雙邊引渡條約，從這些國

　　家引渡貪官并追回贓款的難度很大。

　　如果按照現(xiàn)行刑事訴訟法規(guī)定，貪官一旦外逃又不能及時抓捕歸案，訴訟活

　　動只能處于中止狀態(tài)。我國于2005年簽署并加入了《聯(lián)合國反腐敗公約》(UN

　　Convention Against Corruption)。該公約是第一個全球性反腐敗法律文件，資產(chǎn)追

　　回機制是其一大建樹。

　　《公約》中規(guī)定對于貪污公共資金或者對所貪污公共資金的洗錢行為，被請

　　求締約國應(yīng)當(dāng)在實行沒收后，基于請求締約國的生效判決，將沒收的財產(chǎn)返還請

　　求締約國。人民法院做出生效判決是我國利用《公約》追回腐敗資產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵。所

　　以建立和完善我國刑事缺席審判制度勢在必行。

　　Section 2 Finalizing Translated Texts

　　Part 1 English-Chinese Translation (英譯漢審定稿)

　　Read the following original English text. There are 10 mistakes in the Chinese translated text. Underline and number them and give your corrections in the 　numbered spaces on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　“Whisky is for drinking, water is for fighting over,” Mark Twain once said. At the

　　start of the 21st century, his gloomy view on the water side of the equation has been

　　getting endorsements from an impressive — if unlikely — cast of characters. The

　　Central Intelligence Agency, the accountancy firm PricewaterhouseCoopers and, most

　　recently, Britain’s Ministry of Defense have all raised the specter of future “water

　　wars.” With water availability shrinking across the Middle East, Asia and sub-Saharan

　　Africa, so the argument runs, violent conflict between states is increasingly likely.

　　The specter is also on the agenda for the experts from 140 countries gathered this

　　week at the annual World Water Week forum in Stockholm. Meetings of water experts

　　are not obvious forums for debating issues of global peace and security. But the ghost

　　of Mark Twain is in Stockholm this week as we reflect on the links between water

　　scarcity and violent conflict between states. So, here’s the question. Are we heading

　　for an era of “hydrological warfare” in which rivers, lakes and aquifers become

　　national security assets to be fought over? Or can water act as a force for peace and cooperation?

　　Water conflicts are invariably shaped by local factors. But the sheer scale of these

　　conflicts makes it impossible to dismiss them as isolated events. What we are dealing

　　with is a global crisis generated by decades of gross mismanagement of water

　　resources. The facts behind the crisis tell their own story. By 2025, more than two

　　billion people are expected to live in countries that find it difficult or impossible to

　　mobilize the water resources needed to meet the needs of agriculture, industry and

　　households. Population growth, urbanization and the rapid development of

　　manufacturing industries are relentlessly increasing demand for finite water resources.

　　The threats posed by competition for water are real enough — but for every threat

　　there is an opportunity. Cooperation tends to attract less news than violent conflict.

　　Perhaps that is why “water wars” get such exaggerated coverage. Yet cooperation over

　　water is far more widespread than conflict.

　　How can the world move toward a future of cooperation rather than conflict on

　　water? We believe that there are three broad rules. First, governments have to stop

　　treating water as an infinitely available resource to be exploited without reference to

　　ecological sustainability. Yes, water is scarce in many countries. But the scarcity is the

　　product of poor economic policies. Improving the efficiency of water use and

　　encouraging conservation through pricing and more efficient technologies in

　　agriculture and industry would help reduce scarcity. Second, countries must avoid

　　unilateralism. Any major upstream alteration to a river system, or increase in use of

　　shared groundwater, should be negotiated, not imposed. Governments should look

　　beyond national borders to basin-wide cooperation. Building strong river-basin

　　institutions could provide a framework for identifying and exploiting opportunities for

　　cooperation. Third, political leaders need to get involved. Too often, dialogue on

　　transboundary water management is dominated by technical experts. Whatever their

　　level of expertise, dedication and professionalism, the absence of political leadership

　　tends to limit the scope for far-reaching cooperation.

　　The most obvious reason for greater political and financial investment in

　　transboundary water cooperation is spelled out in an unlikely source. “By means of

　　water,” says the Koran, “we give life to everything.” As a single human community

　　sharing a single planet, we need to look beyond our national borders to work out ways

　　of sustaining the ecological systems on which human progress depends. By means of

　　water, perhaps we can display a capacity for resolving problems and sustaining

　　through cooperation.

　　馬克·吐溫說過，“威士忌是供飲用的，水是用來搶奪的�！彼麑λ�所持的

　　悲觀看法，到了 21 世紀初，卻受到一批如不可能卻引人注目的人物的贊同。美

　　國中央情報局、普華永道會計師事務(wù)所，以及最近英國國防部，都談到將來“為

　　水而戰(zhàn)”的可怕景象。根據(jù)他們的說法，由于中東、亞洲以及非洲小撒哈拉地區(qū)

　　可用水量日漸減少，國家間發(fā)生暴力沖突的可能性日益增大。

　　本周有 140 個國家的專家云集斯德哥爾摩，舉行世界水周論壇年會。上述

　　可怕景象也反映在年會的議程上。水專家的會議顯然不是討論世界和平與安全問

　　題的論壇。然而，馬克·吐溫的幽靈本周來到了斯德哥爾摩，因為我們要反映水

　　荒和國家間的暴力沖突的關(guān)系。這樣問題就來了。難道說我們正走向“為水而戰(zhàn)”

　　的時代，河流、湖泊和地下蓄水層都成為需要爭奪的國家安全資產(chǎn)?還是說水可

　　以成為一支和平與合作的力量?

　　關(guān)于水的沖突總是由局部地區(qū)的多種因素引發(fā)的。但看一看這些沖突的純

　　粹規(guī)模，讓人不能把它們看作是孤立的事件，而不予重視。我們當(dāng)前面對的是一

　　場全球性危機，這種危機是幾十年來對水資源管理不當(dāng)而造成的。危機背后的事

　　實最能說明問題。預(yù)計到 2025 年，在兩億多人生活的那些國家將無法或難以開

　　發(fā)足夠的水資源，以滿足農(nóng)業(yè)、工業(yè)和生活用水的需求。人口增長、城市化、制

　　造業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展都對有限的水資源毫不留情地提出越來越大的需求。爭水的威脅

　　確實存在，但每個威脅都會帶來一個機遇。合作往往比暴力沖突吸引更少的新聞

　　報導(dǎo)。也許正是因為這個原因， 為水而戰(zhàn)”才受到那樣言過其實的報道。然而，

　　在水的問題上進行的合作要比它引起的沖突更為廣泛。

　　世界怎樣才能在將來為水而合作，而不是走向沖突呢?我們認為，總的說

　　來有三項規(guī)則。第一、各國政府不可繼續(xù)把水看作是一種可供無限使用的資源，

　　而不考慮生態(tài)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。的確，許多國家都在鬧水荒。但水荒是貧窮的經(jīng)濟

　　政策產(chǎn)品。提高水的利用率，通過調(diào)整價格和改進工農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)鼓勵節(jié)水，都有助

　　于緩解水荒。第二、各國必須避免單邊主義。某一水系的上游的任何重大變化，

　　或者共用的地下水開采量的增加，應(yīng)經(jīng)過談判，而不能強加于人。各國政府應(yīng)放

　　眼跨國界全流域的合作。建立強有力的涵蓋全流域的機構(gòu)將會提供一個框架，以

　　利于尋求和利用合作機會。第三、政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者需要參與。跨邊界水管理的對話，

　　往往由技術(shù)專家把持。不論他們的技術(shù)水平有多高，不論他們多么敬業(yè)與在行，

　　如果缺少政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，都會限制具有深遠意義的合作。

　　為水而進行跨邊界合作，需要增加政治的和財政的投入，其最明顯的一條

　　理由，竟來自一個意想不到的出處�！豆盘m經(jīng)》云：“借助于水，我們賦萬物以生

　　命�！蔽覀兺瑢僖粋�人類社會，共享一個星球，我們的眼光需要超越自己的國度，

　　去尋求維護生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的途徑。也許我們能借助于水來展示一種能力——通過合作

　　解決問題并實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力。

　　Part 2 Chinese-English Translation (漢譯英審定稿)

　　Read the following original Chinese text. There are 10 mistakes in the English translated text. Underline and number them and give your corrections in the numbered spaces on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　自2002年底起，由于需求拉動，中國“高投入、高能耗、高污染”的產(chǎn)業(yè)投

　　資持續(xù)增加。按照目前的工業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，如果高技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值比重提高一個百分點，

　　冶金、化工等高耗能行業(yè)比重相應(yīng)下降一個百分點，萬元GDP能耗可降低1.3個百分點。

　　有關(guān)專家預(yù)計，隨著高能耗企業(yè)技術(shù)改造的加強，產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整步伐的加快，

　　未來幾年中國節(jié)能降耗的成效將會更加明顯。但也有人指出,中國的工業(yè)化、城

　　鎮(zhèn)化進程加快將加大城市能源需求的壓力。

　　未來五年中國城市人均住宅面積會增加將近30%，達到人均26平方米，農(nóng)村

　　人均住房面積增加大約20%，達到人均30平方米。每百戶城市家庭的空調(diào)數(shù)將達

　　81臺，增加1.6倍，百戶家庭的汽車擁有量達3.4輛，增加5.7倍。這些都會導(dǎo)致水

　　泥、鋼鐵、玻璃等高耗能產(chǎn)品大幅度增長。

　　另外，按目前的能源消費需求，即使在政府關(guān)停和淘汰落后產(chǎn)能，加大高耗

　　能企業(yè)節(jié)能工作的情況下，未來五年，煤炭的消費量仍將增加接近10億噸。這些

　　都是對中國達到降低能耗20%的目標的極大挑戰(zhàn)。

　　Since the end of 2002, driven by growing domestic demand, China kept increasing investment in industries featured high input, high energy consumption and heavy pollution.Given　the country’s　current　industrial　structure, a 1.3-percentage-point drop of energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of the GDP can be

　　realized provided that the proportion of added value of hi-tech industries grow by 1

　　percentage point and that of high energy-consuming sectors like metallurgical and

　　chemical industries falls by 1 percentage point.

　　Some experts predicted that China would see more distinct results in energy conservation with　the　strengthening　of　technological renovation of　high

　　energy-consuming enterprises and the quickened pace of industrial restructuring.

　　However, some people warned that the acceleration of China’s industrialization and

　　urbanization would further increase the pressure on energy supply in urban areas.

　　Per-capita housing in China’s urban areas is expected to surge nearly 30 percent

　　to 26 square meters in the next five years and that in rural areas will grow 20 percent

　　to 30 square meters. Air-conditioners owned by every 100 urban households will

　　increase 1.6 times to 81 sets and cars owned by every 100 urban households will rise

　　6.7 times to 3.4 units. This will lead to a robust jump of high energy-consuming

　　products, such as cement, steel, glass and others.

　　Moreover, China’s coal consumption may approach to 1 billion tons during the

　　next five years, according to China’s current demand for energy, even if the

　　government closes down or eliminates backward productivity and intensifies energy

　　saving of high energy-consuming enterprises. All posing a great challenge to China in

　　its effort to meet the goal of cutting its energy consumption by 20 percent.