The basic guidelines for using capital letters in English appear simple enough:

在英語(yǔ)中使用大寫(xiě)字母的基本準(zhǔn)則似乎很簡(jiǎn)單：

Capitalize the first word in a sentence.

句子中的第一個(gè)詞首字母要大寫(xiě)。

Capitalize the pronoun.

代詞要大寫(xiě)。

Capitalize proper nouns and most adjectives formed from proper nouns.

專有名詞和大多數(shù)由專有名詞構(gòu)成的形容詞要大寫(xiě)。

But things become tricky once we get down to the details. That's when even the most exhaustive style guides (such as the AP Stylebook and The Chicago Manual of Style) occasionally disagree.

但一旦我們深入到細(xì)節(jié)，就會(huì)變得很難。即使是最詳盡的文體指南(如AP文體手冊(cè)和芝加哥文體手冊(cè))針對(duì)大寫(xiě)問(wèn)題，偶爾也會(huì)有不同意見(jiàn)。

In addition, there may be regional disagreements. As Pam Peters has observed, "British writers and editors are more inclined to use capital letters where Americans would dispense with them" (The Cambridge Guide to English Usage).

此外，可能存在地區(qū)分歧。正如帕姆·彼得斯所觀察到的，“英國(guó)作家和編輯更傾向于在美國(guó)人不使用大寫(xiě)字母的地方使用大寫(xiě)字母”(《劍橋英語(yǔ)使用指南》)。

So don't regard these "rules" as the final word. If your organization has a house-style guide, stay in house. And if you run across a word or phrase not covered by these guidelines, consult a dictionary.

所以不要把這些“規(guī)則”當(dāng)作最終定論。如果你的書(shū)庫(kù)里有家庭文體指南，請(qǐng)留在家里。如果你遇到了這些指導(dǎo)方針中沒(méi)有涉及的單詞或短語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)查閱字典。

One final note: in these guidelines capitalize means to use upper case for the first letter of a word.

最后一點(diǎn)：在這些指導(dǎo)方針中，大寫(xiě)意味著用大寫(xiě)字母表示單詞的第一個(gè)字母。

The First Word in a Sentence

句子中的第一個(gè)單詞

Capitalize the first word in a sentence.

句子中的第一個(gè)詞首字母要大寫(xiě)。

Your mother is in here with us, Karras. Would you like to leave a message? (Linda Blair as Regan in The Exorcist, 1973)

你媽媽和我們?cè)谝黄�，卡洛斯。你想留言�?(林達(dá)·布萊爾在《驅(qū)魔者》中飾演里根，1973年)

Likewise, capitalize the first word of a quotation if it's a complete sentence: Jorge said, "The game is over." But don't capitalize the first word if the quotation is not a complete sentence: Jorge said that the game was "all but over" by the seventh inning.

同樣，如果引用語(yǔ)是一個(gè)完整的句子，請(qǐng)將其首字母大寫(xiě)：?jiǎn)讨握f(shuō)：“比賽結(jié)束了�！�;但如果引用語(yǔ)不是一個(gè)完整的句子，請(qǐng)不要將其首字母大寫(xiě)：?jiǎn)讨握f(shuō)第七局的比賽已經(jīng)“結(jié)束了”。

Pronouns and Names of People or Characters

人或字的代詞和名稱

Capitalize the pronoun I.

代詞I要大寫(xiě)。

I'm sorry, but I don't want to be an emperor. (Charlie Chaplin in The Great Dictator, 1940)

對(duì)不起，我不想當(dāng)皇帝。(查理·卓別林《大獨(dú)裁者》，1940年)

Capitalize the names and nicknames of particular persons and characters.

特定人物以及人物的姓名和昵稱要大寫(xiě)。

Elvis, Ginny Weasley, my sister Vicki, Florence Nightingale, Barack Obama, the Simpson family, the Pritchetts, Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta

埃爾維斯，金妮·韋斯萊，我妹妹維姬，佛羅倫薩·南丁格爾，巴拉克·奧巴馬，辛普森一家，普里切特一家，斯蒂芬妮·喬安妮·安吉麗娜·格曼諾塔

As a general rule, also capitalize the names of cultural movements, schools, and styles if those names are derived from proper nouns: Aristotelian, Reaganomics.

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，如果文化運(yùn)動(dòng)、學(xué)校和風(fēng)格的名稱來(lái)源于專有名詞：亞里士多德語(yǔ)、里根語(yǔ)，那么這些名稱也應(yīng)大寫(xiě)。

Titles (of People)

(人的)頭銜

Capitalize titles that come before the names of particular persons and characters.

特定人物和角色的名稱首字母要大寫(xiě)。

Mayor Augustus Maywho, Doctor Sanjay Gupta, Professor Minerva McGonagall, Lady Bracknell, Queen Elizabeth II, President Obama, Captain Jack Sparrow, Aunt Bee

市長(zhǎng)奧古斯塔斯.梅休，醫(yī)生桑杰·古普塔，奧古斯都，米勒娃麥格教授，布萊克尼爾女士，英國(guó)女王伊麗莎白二世，總統(tǒng)奧巴馬，杰克斯派洛船長(zhǎng)，蜜蜂阿姨

Although the titles of business executives aren't usually capitalized (the chairman of BP), in-house publications may choose to use capitals. In most cases, don't capitalize a title that appears after a name (Bill de Blasio, mayor of New York City) or that stands alone (a doctor, the mayor).

盡管企業(yè)高管的頭銜通常不是大寫(xiě)的(英國(guó)石油公司主席)，但內(nèi)部出版物可能會(huì)選擇使用大寫(xiě)。在大多數(shù)情況下，不要將出現(xiàn)在名字后面(紐約市市長(zhǎng)Bill de Blasio)或單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)的名字(醫(yī)生、市長(zhǎng))大寫(xiě)。

Specific Place Names

具體地名

Capitalize the names of specific places (planets, countries, counties, cities, seas, streets, and so on), both real and fictional.

將真實(shí)和虛構(gòu)的特定地點(diǎn)(行星、國(guó)家、縣、市、海、街道等)的名稱大寫(xiě)。

Mars, Canberra, London, Monroe County, Yorkshire, the Midwest, Canada, the Ohio River, Narnia, Rosecrans Avenue, Knighton Road, the village of Little Whinging, Chicago's South Side, the English Midlands, the Twin Cities (for Minneapolis–Saint Paul)

馬爾斯、堪培拉、倫敦、門(mén)羅縣、約克郡、中西部、加拿大、俄亥俄河、納尼亞、羅斯克蘭大道、奈頓路、小惠金村、芝加哥南側(cè)、英國(guó)中部、雙城(明尼阿波利斯-圣保羅)

Capitalize common nouns — such as road, river, and republic — only when they're part of the full name of a place. Don't capitalize these common nouns when they stand alone in follow-up references. Also, when two or more geographical names are linked in a single expression, the usual practice is to put the generic part of the names in lower case: the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. As a general rule, capitalize regions (the Eastern Shore, the Left Bank, the West End), but don't capitalize compass points (north, southeast) if they simply indicate direction or location. Don't capitalize sun and moon.

只有當(dāng)普通名詞(如公路、河流和共和國(guó))是某個(gè)地方全名的一部分時(shí)，才將其大寫(xiě)。當(dāng)這些普通名詞單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)在后續(xù)引用中時(shí)，不要大寫(xiě)。此外，當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)地理名稱以一個(gè)表達(dá)式連接時(shí)，通常的做法是將名稱的通用部分放在小寫(xiě)中：the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.一般情況下，區(qū)域(東岸、左岸、西端)應(yīng)大寫(xiě)，但如果羅盤(pán)點(diǎn)僅指示方向或位置，則不應(yīng)大寫(xiě)(北、東南)。不要把太陽(yáng)和月亮大寫(xiě)。

Nationalities, Languages, Ethnic Groups, and Religions

國(guó)籍、語(yǔ)言、種族和宗教

Capitalize the names of particular nationalities, languages, ethnic groups, and religions.

特定國(guó)籍、語(yǔ)言、種族和宗教的名稱要大寫(xiě)。

Filipino people, African-American, a native Newfoundlander, the Welsh language, Na'vi, Judaism, Buddhism, Quantum Presbyterians

菲律賓人、非裔美國(guó)人、紐芬蘭本地人、威爾士語(yǔ)、納威語(yǔ)、猶太教、佛教、量子長(zhǎng)老會(huì)

Don't capitalize the names of academic subjects (algebra, art, history) unless they are languages (English, Spanish, French) or part of a department name (Department of Languages and Literature). As a general rule, don't capitalize the names of religious services and rites (baptism, bar mitzvah).

不要將學(xué)術(shù)科目(代數(shù)、藝術(shù)、歷史)的名稱大寫(xiě)，除非它們是語(yǔ)言(英語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)、法語(yǔ))或部門(mén)名稱(語(yǔ)言和文學(xué)部門(mén))的一部分。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，不要把宗教儀式和儀式(洗禮、成人禮)的名字大寫(xiě)。

Deities and Holy Books

神靈圣書(shū)

Capitalize the names of deities and holy books.

把神靈和圣書(shū)的名字大寫(xiě)。

God, Krishna, Allah, Jehovah, the Bible

上帝，克里希納，真主，耶和華，圣經(jīng)

Also capitalize the names of books of the Bible: Genesis, Psalms.

也要把圣經(jīng)書(shū)的名字大寫(xiě)：創(chuàng)世紀(jì)，詩(shī)篇。

Businesses, Schools, Organizations

企業(yè)、學(xué)校、組織

Capitalize the names of particular businesses, buildings, schools, and organizations.

將特定企業(yè)、建筑物、學(xué)校和組織的名稱大寫(xiě)。

Google, General Motors, Westminster Abbey, Trump World Tower, Beauxbatons Academy of Magic, the Salvation Army, Oxfam International, the Girl Scouts, the League of Women Voters

谷歌、通用汽車(chē)、威斯敏斯特教堂、特朗普世界塔、博克斯巴頓魔法學(xué)院、救世軍、樂(lè)施會(huì)國(guó)際、女童子軍、女性選民聯(lián)盟

Likewise, capitalize the official names of rooms and offices: the Oval Office, the Situation Room.

同樣，把房間和辦公室的正式名稱大寫(xiě)：橢圓形辦公室、情景室。

Government Agencies

政府機(jī)構(gòu)

Capitalize the formal names of government units, agencies, and divisions.

政府單位、機(jī)構(gòu)和部門(mén)的正式名稱要大寫(xiě)。

White House, House of Representatives, House of Commons, Supreme Court, Department of Education, Georgia Department of Natural Resources

白宮、眾議院、下議院、最高法院、教育部、格魯吉亞自然資源部

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