If you want to study economics, these two concepts may be the very first things you need to understand.
如果你想學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，那么這兩個概念可能是你必須要了解的。
Microeconomics and macroeconomics are two of the largest subdivisions of the study of economics wherein micro- refers to the observation of small economic units like the effects of government regulations on individual markets and consumer decision making and macro- refers to the "big picture" version of economics like how interest rates are determines and why some countries' economies grow faster than others'.
微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究中最大的兩個分支，其中微觀指的是對小經(jīng)濟(jì)單位的研究，比如政府調(diào)控對個人市場和消費(fèi)者決策的影響，宏觀則指的是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的“大局”版本，比如利率是如何決定的，以及為什么一些國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長速度比其他國家快。
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According to comedian P.J. O’Rourke, “microeconomics concerns things that e conomists are specifically wrong about, while macroeconomics concerns things e conomists are wrong about generally. Or to be more technical, microeconomics is about money you don’t have, and macroeconomics is about money the government is out of.”
喜劇演員歐魯克說，“微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)關(guān)注的是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的特殊錯誤，而宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)則是關(guān)注經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的普遍錯誤�；蛘吒唧w地說，微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是關(guān)于你沒有的錢，宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是關(guān)于政府沒有的錢。"
Although this humorous observation pokes fun at e conomists, the description is accurate. However, a closer observation of both fields of economic discourse will provide a better understanding of the basics of economic theory and study.
雖然這個幽默的評論嘲笑了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，但是這種描述是準(zhǔn)確的。不管怎么說，更仔細(xì)地觀察這兩個領(lǐng)域的經(jīng)濟(jì)語篇，將有助于更好地理解經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論和研究的基礎(chǔ)知識。
Microeconomics: Individual Markets
微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)：個體市場
Those who have studied Latin know that the prefix “micro-” means “small,” so it shouldn’t be surprising that microeconomics is the study of small economic units. The field of microeconomics is concerned with things like:
學(xué)過拉丁語的人都知道前綴“micro -”意味著“small(小)”，所以微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是對小型經(jīng)濟(jì)單位的研究也就不足為奇了。微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域關(guān)注的事情包括：
consumer decision making and utility maximization
消費(fèi)者決策與效用最大化
firm production and profit maximization
企業(yè)生產(chǎn)與利潤最大化
individual market equilibrium
個體市場均衡
effects of government regulation on individual markets
政府調(diào)控對個體市場的影響
externalities and other market side effects
外部性與其他市場副作用
Put another way, microeconomics concerns itself with the behavior of individual markets, such as the markets for oranges, the market for cable television, or the market for skilled workers as opposed to the overall markets for produce, electronics, or the entire workforce. Microeconomics is essential for local governance, business and personal financing, specific stock investment research, and individual market predictions for venture capitalistic endeavors.
換句話說，微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)關(guān)注的是個別市場的行為，例如橘子市場、有線電視市場或技術(shù)工人市場，而不是生產(chǎn)、電子產(chǎn)品或整個勞動力的整體市場。微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)對于地方治理、商業(yè)和個人理財、特定股票投資研究以及個人市場對風(fēng)險資本的預(yù)期都至關(guān)重要。
Macroeconomics: The Big Picture
宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)：大局
Macroeconomics, on the other hand, can be thought of as the “big picture” version of economics. Rather than analyzing individual markets, macroeconomics focuses on aggregate production and consumption in an economy. Some topics that macroe conomists study include:
另一方面，宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)可以被認(rèn)為是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的“大局”版本。宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)不是分析單個市場，而是關(guān)注一個經(jīng)濟(jì)體的總生產(chǎn)和總消費(fèi)。宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研究的一些內(nèi)容包括：
effects of general taxes such as income and sales taxes on output and prices
所得稅、營業(yè)稅等一般稅對產(chǎn)量和價格的影響
causes of economic upswings and downturns
經(jīng)濟(jì)上升和衰退的原因
effects of monetary and fiscal policy on economic health
貨幣和財政政策對經(jīng)濟(jì)健康的影響
effects of and process for determining interest rates
決定利率的影響和過程
causes for some economies growing faster than other economies
一些經(jīng)濟(jì)體增長速度超過其他經(jīng)濟(jì)體的原因
To study economics at this level, researchers must be able to combine different goods and services produced in a way that reflects their relative contributions to aggregate output. This is generally done using the concept of the gross domestic product (GDP), and goods and services get weighted by their market prices.
要在這個層面上研究經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，研究人員必須能夠?qū)⒉煌纳唐泛头⻊?wù)結(jié)合起來，以反映它們對總產(chǎn)出的相對貢獻(xiàn)。這通常是利用國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)的概念來實現(xiàn)的，商品和服務(wù)由其市場價格加權(quán)。
The Relationship Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的關(guān)系
There is an obvious relationship between microeconomics and macroeconomics in that aggregate production and consumption levels are the result of choices made by individual households and firms, and some macroeconomic models explicitly make this connection by incorporating what are known as "microfoundations."
微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)之間存在明顯的聯(lián)系，因為總體生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)水平是個體家庭和企業(yè)做出選擇的結(jié)果，而一些宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)模型通過納入所謂的“微觀基礎(chǔ)”明確地建立了這種聯(lián)系。
Most of the economic topics covered on television and in newspapers are of the macroeconomic variety, but it’s important to remember that economics is about more than just trying to figure out when the economy is going to improve and what the Fed is doing with interest rates, it's also about observing local economies and specific markets for goods and services.
電視和報紙上涵蓋的大部分經(jīng)濟(jì)主題都是關(guān)于宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的多樣性，但重要的是要記住經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)不僅僅是試著弄清楚經(jīng)濟(jì)何時會改善以及美聯(lián)儲在利率方面做了什么，它還涉及觀察當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)和特定市場的商品和服務(wù)。
Although many e conomists specialize in one field or the other, no matter which study one pursues, the other will have to be utilized in order to understand the implications of certain trends and conditions on both the micro and macro economic levels.
盡管許多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家專注于研究其中一個領(lǐng)域，但不論從事哪個研究，都必須利用另一個領(lǐng)域，以便理解某些趨勢和條件對微觀和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的影響。
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資料來源考試網(wǎng)校老師主講教材精講班課程，完整講義下載進(jìn)入個人中心>>
