英譯漢

　　passage 1

　　Improved human well-beingis one of the greatest triumphsof the modern era. The age of plenty has also led to an unexpected global health crisis:two billionpeople are either overweight or obese.Developed countries have been especially susceptible tounhealthy weight gain.However, developing countries are now facing a similar crisis. Obesity rates have peaked in high income countries but are accelerating elsewhere. The combined findings of the World Health Organisation and the World Bank showed that in 2016 Asia was home to half the world’s overweight children. One quarter were in Africa. Residents of developing nation cities are increasingly susceptible to obesity. According to India’s National Institute of Nutrition, overa quarter of urban-dwelling men and nearly half of women are overweight.

　　Themajority of the world’s future urbanisation is projected to occur in developing countries, particularly in Asia and Africa. This crisis will test the political resolve of governments that have historically focused on ending hunger. These governments must understand that the factors making cities convenient and productive also make their residents prone to obesity. Urbanites enjoy a variety of food. Additionally, international fast food chains are flourishing in developing countries. The health risks of such diets are compounded bythe sedentary lifestyles of urban dwellers.People’s leisure time is also beingoccupied by television, movies, and video games in the growing number of households.The alarming implication of these trendsis that developing countries may become sick before they get rich. That sickness may, in turn, cripple health systems.The yearly health care costs in Southeast Asia of obesity-related complications like diabetes and cardiovascular disease are already as high as US $10 billion. Such diseases are an added burden on countries already struggling to manage primary health care needs.Policies related to taxation, urban design, education and awareness and the promotion of localised food systems may help control obesity at a lower cost than eventual medical treatment for an ageing and increasingly overweight population.Some governments have already experimented with direct interventions to control obesity, such as taxation on unhealthy foods and drinks.The US pioneeredthe soda tax movement.Thailand, Brunei, and Singapore have adopted similar measures. South Africa is likely to introduce a sugar tax beginning in April 2018.The city of Berkeley in California recognizes that taxes alone are not enough to address obesity. Proceedsfrom the city’s sugar tax are used to support child nutrition and community health programmes. This underscores the importance of education and awareness.

　　Thereis also promise in initiatives. Urban design holds significant power to reshape lifestyle patterns and public health. Improving the attractiveness of public space can draw residents out of their cars and living rooms. A recent studyof urban neighbourhoods in Shanghai and Hangzhou found that middle-income residents living in less walkable neighbourhoods had significantly higher Body Mass Indices than both richer and poorer residents who lived in walkable neighbourhoods in urban China.Finally, healthier lifestyles begin in grocery store aisles. Governments should encourage tighter connections between agricultural production systems, urban grocers and food vendors. Such initiativescan also help urban residents better understand the mechanics of food sourcing.This raises awareness about the relationship between natural foods and healthy lifestyles. Combining controls on unhealthy foods with policies that incentivise healthy eating and active lifestyles constitute a promising response to rising obesity rates.Improving public health is an important policy developing countries should take from both an economic and social point of view. To quote the recent Global Nutrition Report, reducing obesity will boost global development.

　　漢譯英

　　passage 1

　　煤炭是地球上儲(chǔ)量最為豐富的能源，但反對(duì)使用煤炭的聲浪日益高漲。煤炭巨大的碳排放量引起氣候變化，從而引起公眾的擔(dān)憂。煤炭與其他能源相比，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力已經(jīng)有所下降了。以美國(guó)為例，頁(yè)巖氣的出現(xiàn)造成部分出煤量因價(jià)格過(guò)高而被擠出市場(chǎng)。美國(guó)去年煤炭需求接近9.2億噸。由于天然氣價(jià)格下跌，今年美國(guó)煤炭需求將減少6000萬(wàn)到8000萬(wàn)噸。

　　數(shù)據(jù)顯示，煤炭滿足了全球大約30%的能源需求，提供40%以上的電力。在人口第一和第二大國(guó)中國(guó)和印度，煤炭所滿足的能源需求比例甚至達(dá)到70%左右。中國(guó)的煤炭消費(fèi)量在去年已經(jīng)下滑，煤炭進(jìn)口下降了11%，這是十年來(lái)的首次下降。中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增速已經(jīng)放緩，同時(shí)也做出極大努力削減煤炭使用以減少煤炭污染。由于燃煤發(fā)電廠沒(méi)有滿負(fù)荷運(yùn)行，再加上煤炭供應(yīng)充足，造成國(guó)際煤炭?jī)r(jià)格壓低。煤出口價(jià)格從去年的峰值下跌了約60%。