2018年5月CATTI三級筆譯真題來源
三級筆譯英譯漢文章來源：
Improved human well-being is one of the modern era’s greatest triumphs. The age of plenty has also led to an unexpected global health crisis: two billion people are either overweight or obese. Developed countries have been especially susceptible to unhealthy weight gain, a trend that could be considered the price of abundance. However, developing countries are now facing a similar crisis.
Obesity rates have plateaued in high income countries but are accelerating elsewhere. The combined findings of UNICEF, the World Health Organisation and the World Bank showed that in 2016 Asia was home to half the world’s overweight children. One quarter were in Africa.
Residents of developing nation cities are increasingly susceptible to obesity, particularly amid the megatrends of urbanisation, globalisation, and industrialisation of food supply. According to India’s National Institute of Nutrition, over a quarter of urban-dwelling men and nearly half of women are overweight.
The majority of the world’s future urbanisation is projected to occur in developing countries, particularly in Asia and Africa. As rural dwellers move to urban areas, easy access to cheap and convenient processed foods lures them into unhealthy diets.
This crisis will test the political resolve of governments that have historically focused on ending hunger. These governments must understand that the factors making cities convenient and productive also make their residents prone to obesity. Intelligent, focused policies are needed to effectively manage this emerging crisis.
Urban lifestyles
Urbanites enjoy a variety of culinary options, ranging from aisles of processed goods in supermarkets to scores of short-order street vendors. Additionally, international fast food chains are flourishing in developing countries. This is shifting dietary habits away from healthier traditional fare and towards fried foods and sugary drinks.
The health risks of such diets are compounded by the sedentary lifestyles of urban dwellers. The most recent Indian nutrition survey found that city-dwelling men and women work an average of roughly eight hours a day. Most are engaged in sedentary office jobs. Only about one quarter exercise.
People’s leisure time is also being monopolised by passive diversions like television, movies, and video games in the growing number of households able to afford such technologies.
The alarming implication of these trends is that developing countries may become sick before they get rich. That sickness may, in turn, cripple health systems.
The yearly health care costs in Southeast Asia of obesity-related complications like diabetes and cardiovascular disease are already as high as US $10 billion. Obesity among China’s younger generation could cost US $724 billion in medical treatment by 2030. Such diseases are an added burden on countries already struggling to manage primary health care needs.
Policies related to taxation, urban design, education and awareness and the promotion of localised food systems may help control obesity at a lower cost than eventual medical treatment for an ageing and increasingly overweight population.
Direct interventions
Some governments have already experimented with direct interventions to control obesity, such as taxation on unhealthy foods and drinks. The US pioneered the soda tax movement. Thailand, Brunei, and Singapore have adopted similar measures. South Africa is likely to introduce a sugar tax beginning in April 2018.
Regulatory approaches have not stopped at taxation – or at sugar. In the United Kingdom, advertising rules prohibit the marketing of foods high in fat, salt and sugar to children younger than 16.
The city of Berkeley in California recognises that taxes alone are not enough to address obesity. Proceeds from the city’s sugar tax are used to support child nutrition and community health programmes. This underscores the importance of education and awareness.
There is also promise in broader-reaching initiatives. Urban design holds significant power to reshape lifestyle patterns and public health. Improving the attractiveness of public space, the “walkability” of neighbourhoods and the quality of cycling infrastructure can draw residents out of their cars and living rooms.
A recent study of urban neighbourhoods in Shanghai and Hangzhou found that middle-income residents living in less walkable neighbourhoods had significantly higher Body Mass Indices than both richer and poorer residents who lived in walkable neighbourhoods in urban China.
Finally, healthier lifestyles begin in grocery store aisles. Governments should encourage tighter connections between agricultural production systems, urban grocers and food vendors. Relationships with farmers in areas immediately adjacent to cities, in addition to the promotion of urban gardens, have been popular approaches in the US.
Such initiatives can also help urban residents better understand the mechanics of food sourcing. This raises awareness about the relationship between natural foods and healthy lifestyles. Even the preservation of culture around traditional foods can promote healthy alternatives.
Combining controls on unhealthy foods with policies that incentivise healthy eating and active lifestyles constitute a promising response to rising obesity rates. Addressing public health is a policy mandate for developing countries from both an economic and social point of view. To paraphrase the recent Global Nutrition Report, addressing obesity is a global imperative for releasing the brakes on development.
The world isn't getting smaller, it's getting fatter, according to a comprehensive report published Thursday in The Lancet.
Whether you're looking at men or women, children or adults, citizens of rich countries or poor ones, people were much more likely to be overweight or obese in 2013 than they were in 1980, the study found.
In 1980 – the year Pac-Man was unleashed on the world and John Lennon was assassinated – there were 857 million people on the planet who were either overweight or obese. Thirty-three years later, the comparable figure was 2.1 billion.It’s not just that the global population grew (and thus the number of people with too many pounds on their frames). The proportion of men who were overweight or obese rose from 28.8% in 1980 to 36.9% in 2013, while the proportion of women in that category increased from 29.8% to 38% during the same period, the report said.
In developed countries, 16.9% of boys and 16.2% of girls were overweight or obese in 1980. By 2013, those figures were 23.8% and 22.6% respectively. Even in developing countries, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among boys rose from 8.1% to 12.9% and the prevalence among girls grew from 8.4% to 13.4%, the researchers found.
All over the world, the passage of time was marked by bigger waistlines. "Successive cohorts seemed to be gaining weight at all ages, including childhood and adolescence," the researchers found. The most rapid period of weight gain came between the ages of 20 and 40.
A few extra pounds may seem harmless, but their cumulative effect is serious, public health experts say. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warns that being overweight or obese will increase your risk of such life-threatening conditions as coronary heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, stroke and certain types of cancer, among other problems. A 2010 study in The Lancet estimated that overweight and obesity caused 3.4 million deaths worldwide.
For the new study, dozens of researchers from around the world worked together to compile accurate statistics for 183 countries. They focused on rates of overweight (defined as a body mass index of 25 or greater) and obesity (defined as BMI of at least 30) in the years between 1980 and 2013. (The massive effort was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which did not influence the study design or its findings.)
Tonga had the dubious distinction of having a majority of the adult population considered obese. In addition, six other countries had obesity rates above 50% for women: Kuwait, Kiribati, the Federated States of Micronesia, Libya, Qatar and Samoa.
The United States earned special mention for its "high prevalence of obesity" – 31.6% of men and 33.9% of women. The researchers noted that 13% of the world's 671 million obese individuals live in the U.S. – more than any other country.
Indeed, more than half of the world's obese people lived in just 10 countries in 2013: The U.S., China, India, Russia, Brazil, Mexico, Egypt, Germany, Pakistan and Indonesia. China and India actually had "low" rates of obesity – only 3.8% of Chinese men and 5% of Chinese women were obese in 2013, along with only 3.7% of Indian men and 4.2% of Indian women. But both countries are so populous that they still came in at No. 2 and No. 3 on the worldwide list.
Perhaps this was the most depressing finding in the entire 16-page report: "No countries had significant decreases in obesity in the past 33 years."
In a commentary that accompanies the study, epidemiologist Klim McPherson wondered what it would take for the world to get serious about reining in weight gain and returning BMIs to levels to where they were 30 years ago.
"Public health efforts are leading to progress in tobacco control and cardioprotective diets in a slow and deliberate way. As a result, deaths caused by smoking-related diseases and cardiovascular diseases are decreasing," wrote McPherson, a visiting professor at the University of Oxford. "Can a similar success with weight ever happen?"
Probably not any time soon, he conceded. For policymakers, tackling obesity is like tackling climate change: Experts have a good idea of what needs to be done, but there is simply no political will to make such radical changes.
“Where is the international will to act decisively in a way that might restrict economic growth in a competitive world, for the public’s health?” McPerson wrote. “Nowhere yet, but … politicians can no longer hide behind ignorance or confusion.”
三級筆譯漢譯英文章來源：
煤炭是地球上儲量最豐富、最容易得到的能源，但目前反對使用煤炭的聲浪之高已超過以往任何時候。
造成煤炭需求增速下降這一現(xiàn)狀的，不僅是因?yàn)槊禾烤薮蟮奶寂欧帕恳饸夂蜃兓膿?dān)憂，與其經(jīng)濟(jì)效益下降也有一定關(guān)系，煤炭與其他能源相比，競爭力已經(jīng)有所下降了。
以美國為例，頁巖油氣的繁榮造成部分煤炭因價格過高而被排擠出市場。美國最大的礦業(yè)公司博地能源公司(PeabodyEnergy)表示，由于天然氣價格下跌，今年美國的煤炭需求量將減少6000萬噸到8000萬噸。美國能源情報署表示，美國去年的煤炭需求量接近9.2億短噸(1短噸約合0.91噸)。
根據(jù)世界煤炭協(xié)會(WorldCoalAssociation)的數(shù)據(jù)，煤炭提供了全球約30%的一次能源和40%以上的電力。在中國和印度，煤炭所滿足的能源需求比重甚至達(dá)到70%左右。
國際能源署(IEA)預(yù)計，到2040年，全球煤炭需求每年的增速僅為0.5%，而過去30年的年均增速為2.5%。國際能源署表示，美國的煤炭用量到2040年將下降三分之一，中國也有望在2030年到達(dá)峰值。過去10年中的大部分時間，中國巨大的煤炭需求維持了煤炭市場的活躍。
實(shí)際上，中國的煤炭消費(fèi)量在2014年已經(jīng)下滑，煤炭進(jìn)口量下降了11%，這是10年來的首次下降。中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)增速已經(jīng)放緩，同時也做出極大努力減少煤炭的消費(fèi)量以減少污染。由于現(xiàn)在中國的燃煤發(fā)電廠運(yùn)行的時間較以前有所減少，再加上煤炭供應(yīng)充足，造成國際煤炭價格被壓低。動力煤出口基準(zhǔn)價格從2011年的峰值下跌了約60%。
如果中國致力于減少煤炭使用，它將借鑒發(fā)達(dá)國家所作出的努力。美國出臺了新的《汞及大氣有毒物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(MercuryandAirToxicsStandards，簡稱MATS)，若得到貫徹落實(shí)，預(yù)計到2018年，美國的燃煤發(fā)電能力將減少6000萬千瓦，相當(dāng)于總裝機(jī)容量的五分之一左右。美國還在醞釀更嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定，這就是美國環(huán)保局的《清潔能源計劃》(CleanPowerPlan)。該計劃旨在減少化石能源發(fā)電所造成的碳排放。到2020年，美國煤炭需求量可能因此減少四分之一，但煤炭公司正竭力反對該舉措，博地能源公司認(rèn)為環(huán)保局出這些規(guī)定“大大越權(quán)”。
煤炭企業(yè)該怎么辦?發(fā)展中國家的增長仍是一大希望。嘉能可公司(Glencore)負(fù)責(zé)人指出，2025年，亞洲煤炭需求量預(yù)計將增加10億噸，這比目前動力煤海上貿(mào)易的總量還多，而預(yù)計增量中的一半將來自中國以外的地區(qū)。
煤炭需求很大程度上取決于全球向低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)過渡的節(jié)奏。如果所有已宣布的削減碳排放的政策改革得不到有效執(zhí)行，預(yù)計煤炭需求還會更加強(qiáng)勁。
隨著中國多年來強(qiáng)勁的煤炭需求增速的放緩，印度正逐漸成為煤炭行業(yè)維持強(qiáng)勁需求的希望所在。
印度是全球第二人口大國，其經(jīng)濟(jì)仍嚴(yán)重依賴煤炭，能源需求有一半以上要靠煤炭滿足。納倫德拉˙莫迪(NarendraModi)當(dāng)選印度總理后，很多人認(rèn)為他將致力于煤炭的開發(fā)。莫迪被認(rèn)為是改革派，致力于加快印度經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長。必和必拓集團(tuán)高管邁克˙亨利(MikeHenry)去年曾對投資者表示：“印度的增長故事正開始吸引人們的注意�！�
國際能源署預(yù)計，到2020年，印度將超過美國成為全球第二大煤炭消費(fèi)國。國際能源署還預(yù)測印度將超過中國成為動力煤最大進(jìn)口國。煤炭出口國能從印度的這一轉(zhuǎn)變中獲得多大利益，可能要取決于印度國內(nèi)煤炭行業(yè)的發(fā)展速度。
國有企業(yè)印度煤炭公司(CoalIndia)被要求在未來5年將產(chǎn)量翻一番，這是一個宏偉的目標(biāo)。印度可能因此成為一個更加重要的國際煤炭市場參與國。
國際能源署預(yù)計，未來5年印度的煤炭需求將增加2.5億噸，這一增幅超過目前除中國和美國以外其他任何國家的煤炭消費(fèi)量。但該機(jī)構(gòu)也表示：“世上沒有第二個中國�！�
