Ireland is a sovereign state in western Europe, occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, whose metropolitan area is home to around a quarter of the country’s 4.6 million inhabitants. The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic with an elected president serving as head of state. The head of government is nominated by the lower house of parliament.

　　Following the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty, Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1922. Initially a dominion, Ireland received official British recognition of full legislative independence in the Statute of Westminster of 1931. A new constitution was adopted in 1937, by which the name of the state became “Ireland.” In 1949, Ireland was declared a republic under the Republic of Ireland act 1948.

　　Ireland ranks among the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita. In 1973, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth, coupled with a dramatic rise in inequality. The country achieved considerable prosperity from 1995 to 2007. This was halted by an unprecedented financial crisis that began in 2008, in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash.

　　In 2011 and 2013 Ireland was ranked as the seventh-most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index.[14] It also performs well in several metrics of national performance, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. It pursues a policy of neutrality through non-alignment.

　　The population of Ireland stood at 4,588,252 in 2011, an increase of 8.2% since 2006. As of 2011, Ireland had the highest birth rate in the European Union (16 births per 1,000 of population. In 2012, 35.1% of births were to unmarried women. Annual population growth rates exceeded 2% during the 2002-2006 period, which was attributed to high rates of natural increase and immigration. This rate declined somewhat during the subsequent 2006-2011 period, with an average growth rate of 1.6%.

　　Ireland ranks fifth in the world in terms of gender equality. In 2011, Ireland was ranked the most charitable country in Europe, and second most charitable in the world. Contraception was controlled in Ireland until 1979; however, the receding influence of the Catholic Church has led to an increasingly secularized society. In 1983, the Eighth Amendment recognized “the right to life of the unborn”, subject to qualifications concerning the “equal right to life” of the mother. The passage of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, guaranteeing the right to have an abortion performed abroad, and the right to learn about “services” that are illegal in Ireland but legal abroad. The prohibition on divorce in the 1937 Constitution was repealed in 1995 under the Fifteenth Amendment. Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average.

　　Capital punishment is constitutionally banned in Ireland, while discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orientation, marital or familial status, religion, race or membership of the travelling community is illegal.

　　Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in 2002 and a public smoking ban in 2004. Recycling in Ireland is carried out extensively and Ireland has the second highest rate of packaging recycling in the European Union.

　　Section 2: Chinese-English Translation (50 points)

　　Translate the following passage into English.

　　沖突對抗，是構(gòu)建中美新型大國關(guān)系的必要前提。有研究顯示，歷史上大約有過15次新興大國的崛起，其中有11次與既有大國之間發(fā)生了對抗和戰(zhàn)爭。但現(xiàn)在的世界已今非昔比，中美之間乃至全球各國之間已是日趨緊密的利益共同體，對抗將是雙輸，戰(zhàn)爭沒有出路。不沖突、不對抗的宣示，就是要順應(yīng)全球化潮流，改變對中美關(guān)系的負(fù)面預(yù)期，解決兩國之間的戰(zhàn)略互不信，構(gòu)建對中美關(guān)系前景的正面信心。

　　相互尊重，是構(gòu)建中美新型大國關(guān)系的基本原則。世界是多樣的，中美作為兩個(gè)社會制度不同、歷史文化背景各異，同時(shí)又利益相互交織的大國，相互尊重就顯得尤為重要。我們只有相互尊重對方人民選擇的制度與道路，相互尊重彼此的核 利益與關(guān)切，才能求同存異，進(jìn)而聚同化異，實(shí)現(xiàn)兩國的和諧相處。

　　合作共贏，是中美構(gòu)建新型大國關(guān)系的必由之路。中美雙方在雙邊關(guān)系各領(lǐng)域都有著廣泛合作需求和巨大合作潛力。此外，作為兩個(gè)大國，環(huán)顧當(dāng)今世界，從反恐到網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全，從核不擴(kuò)散到氣候變化，從中東和平到非洲發(fā)展，也都離不開中美兩國的共同參與、合作和貢獻(xiàn)。

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