2018上半年翻譯考試catti三級筆譯試題：嬰兒
英譯漢
Ask mothers why babies are constantly picking things up from the floor or ground and putting them in their mouths, and chances are they'll say that it's instinctive - that that's how babies explore the world. But why the mouth, when sight, hearing, touch and even scent are far better at identifying things?
Since all instinctive behaviors have an evolutionary advantage or they would not have been retained for millions of years, chances are that this one too has helped us survive as a species. And, indeed, accumulating evidence strongly suggests that eating dirt is good for you.
In studies of what is called the hygiene hypothesis, researchers are concluding that organisms like the millions of bacteria, viruses and especially worms that enter the body along with "dirt" spur the development of a healthy immune system. Several continuing studies suggest that worms may help to redirect an immune system that has gone awry and resulted in autoimmune disorders, allergies and asthma.
One leading researcher, Dr. Joel Weinstock, the director of gastroenterology and hepatology at Tufts Medical Center in Boston, said in an interview that the immune system at birth "is like an unprogrammed computer. It needs instruction."
He said that public health measures like cleaning up contaminated water and food have saved the lives of countless children, but they "also eliminated exposure to many organismsthat are probably good for us."
"Children raised in an ultra-clean environment," he added, "are not being exposed to organisms that help them develop appropriate immune regulatory circuits." Studies he has conducted with Dr. David Elliott, a gastroenterologist and immunologist at the University of Iowa, indicate that intestinal worms, which have been all but eliminated in developed countries, are "likely to be the biggest player" in regulating the immune system to respond appropriately, Elliott said in an interview. He added that bacterial and viral infections seem to influence the immune system in the same way, but not as forcefully.
Most worms are harmless, especially in well-nourished people, Weinstock said. "There are very few diseases that people get from worms," he said. "Humans have adapted to the presence of most of them."
Ruebush deplores the current fetish for the hundreds of antibacterial products that convey a false sense of security and may actually foster the development of antibiotic-resistant, disease-causing bacteria. Plain soap and water are all that are needed to become clean, she noted.
參考譯文：
如果你問一些媽媽為什么嬰兒會不停地從地上或地板上撿起東西來往嘴里送，她們很可能會說是本能使然，稱嬰兒就是這樣探索世界的。但是，嬰兒的視覺、聽覺、觸覺甚至嗅覺分辨事物的能力要強(qiáng)得多，為什么單單選擇通過味覺進(jìn)行探索呢?所有的本能行為都有進(jìn)化優(yōu)勢，否則這些本能行為不可能延續(xù)數(shù)百萬年至今。由此說來，通過味覺探索世界很可能也是人類得以延續(xù)的途徑。越來越多的證據(jù)都有力地表明，吃臟東西有益健康。
在名為“衛(wèi)生學(xué)假設(shè)理論”的系列研究中，研究人員逐步得出一個結(jié)論，即，隨“臟東西”進(jìn)入人體的數(shù)百萬個細(xì)菌、病毒特別是蠕蟲等有機(jī)體可以刺激免疫系統(tǒng)的健康發(fā)育。
幾項仍在進(jìn)行的研究顯示，對于那些免疫系統(tǒng)出問題而出現(xiàn)自身免疫功能紊亂、過敏和哮喘的人而言，蠕蟲可以幫助免疫系統(tǒng)修復(fù)。
波士頓塔夫茨醫(yī)學(xué)中心腸胃、肝臟病學(xué)�？浦魅螁虪柀q魏因斯托克博 士是主要 研究人員，他在接受采訪時說，人出生時的免疫系統(tǒng)“就像未經(jīng)編程的電腦一樣，需要指令�！彼f，對不干凈的水或食品進(jìn)行清理等諸如此類的公共衛(wèi)生措施確實拯救了無以計數(shù)的兒童的生命，但是這些措施“也使人們無法接觸到對人體有益的多種有機(jī)體�！�
“對于那些在過于潔凈的環(huán)境中長大的兒童，”他補(bǔ)充說，“他們接觸不到可以幫助免疫調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育的多種有益有機(jī)體�！彼c愛荷華大學(xué)的胃腸病學(xué)與免疫學(xué)專家戴維﹒艾略特博士共同進(jìn)行了系列研究。艾略特在接受采訪時說，他們的研究結(jié)果顯示，在發(fā)達(dá)國家?guī)缀醣煌耆麥绲幕紫x很可能最有利于免疫系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)。他補(bǔ)充說，細(xì)菌和病毒感染也同樣有助于調(diào)節(jié)免疫系統(tǒng)，只不過作用沒有蛔蟲那么大。
魏因斯托克說，大部分蠕蟲對人體無害，對營養(yǎng)良好的人群更是如此�！叭湎x致病十分少見，”他說，“人體對大多數(shù)蠕蟲早已適應(yīng)�！碑�(dāng)下，人們熱衷于購買抗菌產(chǎn)品，多達(dá)數(shù)百種的抗菌產(chǎn)品給人一種錯誤的安全感，實際上這些產(chǎn)品可能會導(dǎo)致對抗生素具有抗藥性的致病菌的滋生，茹布什對此深感遺憾。她說，(日常衛(wèi)生)只需肥皂和水就能清洗干凈。
