2017年catti三級筆譯模擬試題：工業(yè)的全球化

　　【英譯漢】

　　Global Industrialization

　　Industrialization changed the world. Few places on earth have escaped its impact. However, the nature of the impact varies from place to place. Understanding the global consequences of industrialization requires an understanding of how industrialization differed in each place.

　　Industrialization is always initially a regional, not a national, phenomenon as demonstrated by the long industrial lag of the American South. Many other parts of Western Europe plus the United States followed Britain in the early 19th century. A few other European regions - Sweden, Holland, northern Italy - began serious industrialization only at mid-century. The next big wave of new industrialization, beginning around the 1880s, embraced Russia and Japan. A final round (to present) included the rapid industrialization of the rest of the Pacific Rim (especially South Korea and Taiwan) by the 1960s.

　　Various factors shaped the nature of industrialization in each place. In Britain, for example, industrialization succeeded when it depended on individual inventors and relatively small companies. It began to lag, however, in the corporate climate of the later 19th century. In contrast, Germany surged forward when industrialization featured larger organizations, more impersonal management structures, and collaborative research rather than artisan-tinkerers. In Germany, the state was also more directly involved in industrialization than in Britain.

　　French industrialization emphasized updated craft products. This reflected not only earlier national specialties, but also less adequate resources in coal, a factor that held heavy industry back. Furniture workers, for example, used pre-set designs to turn out furniture quickly, but they resented dilutions of their artistic skill. The United States' industrialization depended on immigrant labor. Unlike Germany, however, the United States introduced laws that combated businesses big enough to throttle competition, though the impact of these laws was uneven. The United States with its huge market also pioneered the new economic stage of mass consumerism that ultimately had a worldwide impact.

　　The consequences of industrialization are, ultimately, global. By the early 19th centur3r, Europe's factories pushed back more traditional manufacturing in areas like Latin America and India. At the same time, industrial centers sought new food resources and raw materials, prompting these sectors to expand in places like Chile and Brazil.

　　Gradually, however, other societies copied industrialization or at least developed an independent industrial sector. Much of 20th-century world history, in fact, involves efforts by societies like India, China, Iran, or Brazil to reduce their dependence on imports and mount a selective export operation through industry. Industrialization's environmental impact has also been international. Industrialization quickly affected local water and air quality around factories.

　　Industrial demands for agricultural products, like rubber, caused deforestation and soil changes in places like Brazil. These patterns have accelerated as industrial growth has spread more widely, creating modern issues such as global warming. The world impact of industrialization, in these senses, remains an unflushed story as the 21st century begins.

　　Given the global impact of industrialization, it is increasingly important that we understand its nature and its consequences. Whereas the impact of industrialization is easy to understand on a personal level - how it affects where and how we work or live our lives - it is more difficult to understand its nature on a global level, particularly when its global pattern is so complex. History provides a means toward thus understanding. By understanding the causes, the variations, and the historic consequences of the Industrial Revolution, we can better understand our present circumstances and, hopefully, shape future: industrializations for the good.

　　【參考譯文】

　　工業(yè)的全球化

　　工業(yè)化改變了整個(gè)世界，影響了地球上幾乎每一個(gè)角落。然而，這種影響的性質(zhì)卻因地而異。要了解工業(yè)化的全球性后果，就必須了解各地工業(yè)化的差異。

　　工業(yè)化總是發(fā)端于某個(gè)地區(qū)，而不是整個(gè)國家，美國南方的工業(yè)長期落后于北方的事實(shí)便是明證。19世紀(jì)初，其它西歐地區(qū)和美國先后步英國后塵，開始了工業(yè)革命。歐洲的其它地區(qū)如瑞典、荷蘭和意大利北部則遲至19世紀(jì)中葉才進(jìn)入真正的工業(yè)革命。19世紀(jì)80年代左右開始的第二波工業(yè)革命，卷入了俄羅斯和日本。從20世紀(jì)60年代起延續(xù)至今的最后一波工業(yè)革命，則波及了太平洋沿岸的其它地區(qū)(尤其是韓國和臺灣)。

　　影響各地工業(yè)化性質(zhì)的因素紛繁復(fù)雜。英國工業(yè)化的成功依靠的是發(fā)明家們和小公司的力量。但是在19世紀(jì)下半葉大公司形成氣候之后，英國便開始落后了。與此相對照，當(dāng)更大型的機(jī)構(gòu)、更客觀的管理結(jié)構(gòu)和合作研究取代了傳統(tǒng)的手工藝人后，德國便迅速崛起了。

　　在德國，政府對工業(yè)的干預(yù)也比英國更加直接。

　　法國的工業(yè)革命更為注重手工藝產(chǎn)品的更新?lián)Q代。這不僅反映在法國早先一些特有的行業(yè)上，而且還因?yàn)榉▏�相對匱乏的煤炭儲量阻礙了重工業(yè)的發(fā)展。家具工人按照預(yù)先設(shè)計(jì)好的圖樣能很快生產(chǎn)出家具，同時(shí)又對不能施展自己的手藝痛恨不已。在美國，工業(yè)化的發(fā)展依賴的是移民勞工。不過，與德國不同的是，美國用法律制約了扼殺競爭的大公司，盡管這些法律的影響并不均衡。享有巨大市場的美國，率先進(jìn)入了大眾消費(fèi)的經(jīng)濟(jì)階段，并最終影響了整個(gè)世界。

　　工業(yè)化的結(jié)果最終必然是全球性的。19世紀(jì)初，歐洲的工廠把過時(shí)的傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移到拉丁美洲和印度等地區(qū)。同時(shí)，在工業(yè)中心尋求新的食品和原料來源的過程中，智利和巴西等國的相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)因而得以發(fā)展。

　　其他非歐洲國家也在仿效歐洲的工業(yè)革命，或者至少發(fā)展自己獨(dú)立的產(chǎn)業(yè)。在20世紀(jì)的大部分時(shí)間，印度、中國、伊朗和巴西等國都在致力于減少對進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的依賴，并有選擇地發(fā)展自己的出口工業(yè)。工業(yè)革命對環(huán)境的影響也是國際性的。工廠周圍地區(qū)的水和空氣的質(zhì)量都很快受到了影響。工業(yè)對橡膠等農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品的需求，導(dǎo)致了巴西等國森林的減少和土壤的變化。隨著工業(yè)化的擴(kuò)展，這種現(xiàn)象也在變本加厲，從而引起了全球變暖等現(xiàn)代問題。在這些意義上，工業(yè)化的全球影響并沒有隨著21世紀(jì)的到來而結(jié)束。

　　鑒于上述工業(yè)化的全球影響，我們必須盡快了解工業(yè)化的本質(zhì)及其后果。在個(gè)人的層面上，工業(yè)化對我們的日常生活的影響自然不難理解，但是，在全球的層面上理清它如此復(fù)雜的本質(zhì)并非易事。好在歷史為我們提供了理解工業(yè)革命的手段。我們可以從工業(yè)革命的起因、其不同的形式及其歷史后果中，更清楚地看到自己所處的環(huán)境，并且有望更好地塑造工業(yè)化的未來。