2017年翻譯考試初級筆譯模擬題：旅游與全球化

　　【英譯漢】

　　Tourism, Globalization

　　Tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of the global economy and developing countries are attempting to cash in on this expanding industry in an attempt to boost foreign investment and financial reserves. While conceding that the uncontrolled growth of this industry can result in serious environmental and social problems, the United Nations contends that such negative effects can be controlled and reduced.

　　Before getting into the cold facts of global economics, let me begin with another story to warm up. I was perplexed when I recently read in the newspaper that Thailand's forestry chief had said: "Humans can't live in the forest because human beings aren't animals. Unlike us, animals can adapt themselves to the wild or any environment naturally. "This was to legitimatize the government's plan to remove hundreds of thousands of rural and hill tribe people from protected areas. This man, who is in charge of conserving the forests, is at the same time very strongly pushing to open up the country's 81 national parks to outside investors and visitors in the name of "eco-tourism". Can we conclude, then, that the forestry chief considers developers and tourists as animals that know how to adapt to the forest and behave in the wild naturally?

　　While authorities want to stop the access to forest lands and natural resources of village people, another group of people - namely tourism developers and tourists with lots of money to spend - are set to gain access to the area. While authorities believe that local people, who have often lived in the area for generations, are not capable of managing and conserving their land and natural resources - under a community forestry scheme for example - they believe they themselves in cooperation with the tourist industry can properly manage and conserve "nature" under a national eco-tourism plan. Taking the above quote seriously, cynics may be tempted to say there is obviously a gap between "human rights" and "animal rights".

　　How is this story linked to globalization? First of all, that humans cannot live in the forest is - of course - not a Thai concept. It is a notion of Western conservation ideology - an outcome of the globalization of ideas and perceptions. Likewise, that eco-tourism under a "good management" system is beneficial to local people and nature is also a Western concept that is being globalized. In fact, Thailand's forestry chief thinks globally and acts locally. A lesson that can be learned from this is that the slogan "Think Globally, Act Locally" that the environmental movements have promoted all the years, has not necessarily served to preserve the environment and safeguard local communities' rights, but has been co-opted and distorted by official agencies and private industries for profit-making purposes. The tourism industry is demonstrating this all too well

　　Many developing countries, facing debt burdens and worsening trade terms, have turned to tourism promotion in the hope that it brings foreign exchange and investment. Simultaneously, leading international agencies such as the World Bank, United Nations agencies and business organizations like the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) have been substantially involved to make tourism a truly global industry.

　　However, tourism in developing countries is often viewed by critics as an extension of former colonial conditions because from the very beginning, it has benefited from international economic relationships that structurally favor the advanced capitalist countries in the North. Unequal trading relationships, dependence on foreign interests, and the division of labor have relegated Door countries in the South to becoming tourism recipients and affluent countries in the North to the position of tourism generators, with the latter enjoying the freedom from having to pay the price for the meanwhile well-known negative impacts in destinations.

　　【參考譯文】

　　旅游與全球化

　　旅游是全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中一個(gè)快速增長的領(lǐng)域，因而發(fā)展中國家正努力從這一快速增長的產(chǎn)業(yè)中獲利，以促進(jìn)海外投資、增加金融儲備。聯(lián)合國一方面承認(rèn)，該產(chǎn)業(yè)的無序發(fā)展會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境和社會(huì)問題，另一方面卻堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為這些負(fù)面影響可以得到控制和減小。

　　在了解全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的嚴(yán)酷現(xiàn)實(shí)之前，讓我先講個(gè)故事為大家熱熱身。最近我在報(bào)紙上看到泰國林業(yè)部高官稱：“人類無法生活在森林里，因?yàn)槿祟惒皇莿?dòng)物;動(dòng)物與人類不同，能夠自然地適應(yīng)荒野和其它環(huán)境。”他的話令我非常困惑。這種說法將使政府將數(shù)以萬計(jì)的邊遠(yuǎn)練習(xí)參考答案和山區(qū)部落人民逐出保護(hù)地的計(jì)劃合法化。這位負(fù)責(zé)森林保護(hù)的官員正在以“生態(tài)旅游”為名義積極推動(dòng)向海外投資商和游客開放該國的81家森林公園。我們由此是否可以斷定，這位林業(yè)高官把開發(fā)商和游客看作了動(dòng)物，他們知道如何適應(yīng)在森林中的環(huán)境、在荒野里自然地生存的動(dòng)物?

　　盡管當(dāng)局要禁止村民接近林地和自然資源，而另一群人，那些旅游開發(fā)商和出手闊綽的游客，卻能獲準(zhǔn)進(jìn)入這一地區(qū)。當(dāng)局認(rèn)為世世代代生活在這里的當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駴]有能力通過諸如社區(qū)森林保護(hù)規(guī)劃之類的方法管理其土地和自然資源，唯當(dāng)局自身卻堅(jiān)信他們可以在全國生態(tài)旅游規(guī)劃之下，與旅游部門合作，妥善地管理并保護(hù)“自然”。倘若上述說法當(dāng)真，那些憤世嫉俗的人也許不禁要說，看來“人權(quán)”與“動(dòng)物權(quán)”之間鴻溝確實(shí)不小。

　　這怎么會(huì)與全球化聯(lián)系在一起呢?首先，人類不能生活在森林里，這本來并不是泰國人的觀念，而是西方環(huán)保意識的影響——也即觀念全球化的一個(gè)結(jié)果。同樣，建立在“良好的管理”體制下的生態(tài)旅游有益于當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣窈妥匀坏挠^念也是一個(gè)正在全球化的西方觀念。事實(shí)上，泰國林業(yè)高官表面上著眼的是全球，實(shí)際上著力的卻是本部門的利益。在這一點(diǎn)上有個(gè)教訓(xùn)：多年來環(huán)保運(yùn)動(dòng)提倡的“著限全球，著力本地”的口號，并沒有被用來保護(hù)環(huán)境、捍衛(wèi)當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的權(quán)利，而是被官方機(jī)構(gòu)和私人企業(yè)共同曲解謀利了。旅游業(yè)在這一點(diǎn)上的表現(xiàn)可以說是淋漓盡致了。

　　許多發(fā)展中國家面臨著沉重的債務(wù)負(fù)擔(dān)和日益刻薄的貿(mào)易條款，轉(zhuǎn)而提升旅游業(yè)，以期得到外匯、吸引投資。與此同時(shí)，世界銀行、聯(lián)合國各部門等主要國際機(jī)構(gòu)和世界旅行及旅游業(yè)理事會(huì)之類的商業(yè)組織已經(jīng)從實(shí)質(zhì)上已參與進(jìn)來，使旅游業(yè)事實(shí)上成為一個(gè)全球產(chǎn)業(yè)。

　　然而，在批評家看來，發(fā)展中國家的旅游業(yè)往往是先前殖民統(tǒng)治的延續(xù)，因?yàn)閺囊婚_始，它就從國際經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系上獲益，而這種關(guān)系從結(jié)構(gòu)上講有利于北半球發(fā)達(dá)資本主義國家。不平等的貿(mào)易關(guān)系、對海外利益的依賴和勞動(dòng)的分工，使南半球的窮國淪為旅游的接受者，而北半球的富國則處于旅游生產(chǎn)者的地位，他們不必為眾所周知的對旅游目的地造成的負(fù)面影響買單。