2019年翻譯資格考試初級(jí)英語(yǔ)筆譯練習(xí)題：歷史文化

　　漢譯英

　　1.《獨(dú)立宣言》不僅宣告美國(guó)這個(gè)新型國(guó)家的誕生，而且將人權(quán)至上的哲學(xué)昭告于全世界。

　　2.歷史上，真正意義上的航海探索是在葡萄牙“航海家亨利親王”的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下開(kāi)始的。葡萄牙人一方面希望繞過(guò)伊斯蘭世界，另一方面，又希望發(fā)展貿(mào)易。1446年他們的船隊(duì)到達(dá)佛得角，隨后行至赤道，1482年到達(dá)了剛果河。

　　3.19世紀(jì)，特別是出現(xiàn)汽船之后，歐洲向美洲和澳大利亞無(wú)人居住的新大陸移民的潮流涌動(dòng)了幾十年，到最后演變成大規(guī)模的遷移。

　　4.在羅馬人于408年最后撤走之前，該島開(kāi)始遭到來(lái)自北歐的盎格魯人、撒克遜人和朱特人的侵?jǐn)_，經(jīng)歷了一段日趨混亂的時(shí)期�！癊ngland”這個(gè)詞正是從“Angles”而來(lái)的。

　　5.1941年6月22日，希特勒不宣而戰(zhàn)，入侵蘇聯(lián)，發(fā)動(dòng)了歷史上規(guī)模最大的一場(chǎng)陸地戰(zhàn)役。蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人約瑟夫·斯大林被打了個(gè)措手不及，他指示全國(guó)人民在德國(guó)入侵者到來(lái)之前實(shí)行“焦土”政策。

　　6.1861年4月12日，南部邦聯(lián)的博勒加德將軍對(duì)南卡羅來(lái)納州查爾斯頓港的薩姆特要塞首先開(kāi)火，美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)，一直持續(xù)到1865午5月26日最后一支南部邦聯(lián)軍投降。

　　7.1869年蘇伊士運(yùn)河開(kāi)通，后來(lái)鐵路在印度國(guó)內(nèi)迅速延伸，由此印度產(chǎn)品運(yùn)往英國(guó)及英帝國(guó)其他地方，時(shí)間大大縮短，成本大幅下降。

　　8.氣候變化、人口激增、政治對(duì)立、內(nèi)戰(zhàn)和國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策也是導(dǎo)致整個(gè)20世紀(jì)饑荒不斷的主要原因。

　　9.亞伯拉翰·林肯堅(jiān)持不惜一切代價(jià)維護(hù)聯(lián)邦的統(tǒng)一，即使發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，也在所不惜。

　　10.文藝復(fù)興被稱(chēng)為“恢復(fù)學(xué)習(xí)”的運(yùn)動(dòng)，因此一些勇敢的人開(kāi)始橫渡大西洋，向西航行，他們堅(jiān)信地球是圓的。

　　11.中國(guó)地處東亞，幅員遼闊，人口眾多，歷史悠久。

　　12.中國(guó)有文字可考的歷史可以追溯到4000多年前，中國(guó)被認(rèn)為同古代埃及、巴比倫和印度齊名的世界四大古代文明之一。

　　13.公元前206秦朝末年，劉邦項(xiàng)羽交戰(zhàn)，即著名的楚漢之爭(zhēng)，歷時(shí)四年，最終劉邦取勝，隨后建立西漢。

　　14.公元前221年，秦始皇贏政結(jié)束了長(zhǎng)達(dá)250多年諸侯紛爭(zhēng)的戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，建立了中國(guó)歷史上第一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的、中央集權(quán)的多民族封建國(guó)家——秦。

　　15.在唐太宗李世民的英明治理下，唐朝國(guó)力和社會(huì)發(fā)展達(dá)到空前水平——經(jīng)濟(jì)和商業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)，社會(huì)秩序穩(wěn)定，朝廷中從無(wú)貪污腐敗，國(guó)家疆域甚至向各國(guó)開(kāi)放。

　　16.明朝建立后，朱元璋實(shí)施了一系列政策，減輕農(nóng)民負(fù)擔(dān)，恢復(fù)社會(huì)生產(chǎn)。另一方面，朱元璋也著力懲治和防止朝中官員腐化。

　　17.造紙、印刷術(shù)、指南針、火藥是中國(guó)古代科技的“四大發(fā)明”，至宋元時(shí)期相繼傳人世界各地，對(duì)世界文明作出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。

　　18.1911年孫中山領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的辛亥革命，推翻了清王朝200多年的統(tǒng)治，同時(shí)也結(jié)束了延續(xù)2000多年的封建君主制，這是中國(guó)近代史上最偉大的事件之一。

　　19.在俄國(guó)十月革命的影響下，1921年，毛澤東等12人在上海舉行第一次全國(guó)代表大會(huì)，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨誕生。

　　20.1949年10月1日，北京30萬(wàn)群眾匯集天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng)舉行開(kāi)國(guó)大典，中央人民政府主席毛澤東莊嚴(yán)宣告：人民共和國(guó)正式成立。

　　參考譯文

　　1.The Declaration of Independence not only gave birth to the new American nation but also gave a philosophy of human rights to the world.

　　2.It was in Portugal, with the guidance of Prince Henry the Navigator, that exploration and discovery began in earnest. Driven partly by the hope of outflanking the Islamic world, partly by the hope of trade, the Portuguese by 1446 reached Cape Verde, then the equator, and by 1482 the Congo River.

　　3.In the nineteenth century, and especially after the coming of the steamship, the stream of European emigration to the new empty lands of America and Australia rose for some decades to the scale of a great migration.

　　4.The final Roman withdrawal in 408 followed a period of increasing disorder during which the island began to be raided by Angles, Saxons and Jutes from northern Europe. It is from the Angles that the name "England" derives.

　　5.On June 22, 1941, without a declaration of war, Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in history. Caught off guard, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed the Russian people to "scorch the earth" in front of the German invaders.

　　6.The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate General P. G. T. Beauregard opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, and lasted until May 26, 1865, when the last Confederate army surrendered.

　　7.The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the rapid expansion of the Indian railroad network dramatically cut the time and costs of importing Indian products into Great Britain and other parts of the Empire.

　　8.Climatic conditions, overpopulation, political rivalries, civil war, and domestic economic policies also contributed notably throughout the twentieth century to the recurrent horror of famine.

　　9.Abraham Lincoln, was determined at all costs to preserve the unity of the nation, even if it meant war.

　　10.Renaissance was a movement called the "revival of learning", and as a result some brave people started their expedition by sailing west across the Atlantic with a belief in their minds that the earth was round.

　　11.China is an East Asian country with a large territory, a huge population and a long history.

　　12.With written records dating back 4,000 years, China is recognized as one of the four great ancient civilizations of the world, together with ancient Egypt, Babylon and India.

　　13.At the end of the Qin Dynasty in 206 BC, war broke out between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu. It was known as the Chu-Han war, and it lasted for four years, ending with the victory of Liu Bang, who later established the Western Han Dynasty.

　　14.In 221 B. C. , Ying Zheng, ruler of the State of Qin, ended the 250-odd years of rivalry among the independent principalities during the Warring States Period, and established the first centralized, unified, multi-ethnic feudal state in Chinese history - the Qin Dynasty.

　　15.Under Emperor Taizong Li Shimin's wise governing, the national strength and social. development of the Tang Dynasty reached an unparalleled prosperity - economy and commerce flourished, the social order was stable, corruption never existed in the court and the national boundaries were even open to foreign countries.

　　16.After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang implemented a series of policies to reduce the peasants' burden and to resume the production. He also focused much attention on the punishment and prevention of corruption among court officials.

　　17.During the Song-Yuan period, the "four great inventions" in science and technology by ancient Chinese - papermaking, printing, the compass and gunpowder - were introduced to foreign countries, making great contributions to world civilization.

　　18.The Revolution of 1911 led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen was one of the greatest events in modern Chinese history, as it overthrew the 200-odd-year-old Qing Dynasty, ending over 2,000 years of feudal monarchy.

　　19.Under the influence of Russia's October Revolution of 1917, 12 delegates, including Mao Zedong, held the First National Congress in Shanghai in 1921 to found the Communist Party of China.

　　20.On October l, 1949, a grand ceremony was witnessed by 300,000 people in Beijing's Tiananmen Square, and Mao Zedong, chairman of the Central People's Government, solemnly proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC).