A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.

　　A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulses. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, discharge seems to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are . I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story . Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once .Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered .

　　There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed drogons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girlfriend.

　　No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has ever believed that it was.

　　1. The author considers that a fairy story is more effective when it is ___.

　　A) repeated without variation

　　B) treated with reverence

　　C) adapted by the parent

　　D) set in the present

　　2. Some people dislike fairy stories because they feel they________.

　　A) tempt people to be cruel to children

　　B) show the primitive cruelty in children

　　C) lend themselves to undesirable experiments with children

　　D) increase a tendency to sadism in children

　　3. Fairy stories are a means by which children’s impulses may be_____.

　　A) beneficially channeled

　　B) given a destructive tendency

　　C) held back until maturity

　　D) effectively suppressed

　　4. According to the passage great fear can be stimulated in a child when the story is ______.

　　A) in a realistic setting

　　B) heard for the first time

　　C) repeated too often

　　D) dramatically told

　　5. The advantage claimed for repeating fairy stories to young children is that it _______.

　　A) makes them come to terms with their fears

　　B) develops their power of memory

　　C) convinces them there is nothing to be afraid of

　　D) encourages them not to have ridiculous beliefs

　　answer:c,d,a,b,a

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