2016年商務(wù)英語(yǔ)考試中級(jí)翻譯習(xí)題及答案(一)

　　Trade as an engine of growth貿(mào)易是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的引擎

　　During the nineteenth century, most of the word’s modern industrial production was concen trated in great Britain. Large increases in industrial production and population in resource-poor Britain led to a rapidly rising demand for the food and raw material exports of the regions of recent settlement (the United States, Canada, Australia,New Zealand, Argentina, Uruguay, and South Africa).Fox example ,during the century from 1815 to 1913,Britain’s population tripled , its real GNP increased 10 times ,and the volume of its imports increased 20 times, This growth spread to the rest of the economy of these newly settled lands through the familiar accelerator multiplier process. Tues , The export sector was the leading sector that propelled these economies into rapid growth and development .That is ,international trade functioned as an engine of growth for these nations during the nineteenth century.

　　在19世紀(jì)，這個(gè)詞的現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的濃度trated在英國(guó)。在資源貧乏的英國(guó)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和人口的大量增加導(dǎo)致的需求迅速上升，近期結(jié)算的地區(qū)(美國(guó)，加拿大，澳大利亞，新西蘭，阿根廷，烏拉圭和南非的食品和原料出口)。�？怂估�如，在本世紀(jì)的1815年至1913年，英國(guó)人口的三倍，其真正的國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值增加了10倍，其進(jìn)口量增加20倍，這種增長(zhǎng)擴(kuò)散到這些新定居的土地經(jīng)濟(jì)的其余部分通過(guò)熟悉油門(mén)乘數(shù)效應(yīng)。周二，出口部門(mén)的主導(dǎo)部門(mén)，推動(dòng)這些國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)入快速增長(zhǎng)和發(fā)展，也就是說(shuō)，這些國(guó)家在19世紀(jì)，國(guó)際貿(mào)易作為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的引擎。

　　The regions of recent settlement were able to satisfy Britain’s burgeoning demand for food and raw materials (and in the process grow very rapidly ) because of several favorable circumstances .First ,these countries were richly endowed with natural resources such as fertile arable land, forests, and mineral deposits . second, workers with various skills moved in great waves from overpopulated Europe to these mostly empty lands, and so did huge amounts of capital. Though data are far from precise, it seems that from 30 to 50 percent of total capital formation ( i. e ., investments) in such nations as Canada, Argentina, and Australia was financed through capital inflows .the huge inflows of capital and workers made possible the construction of railroads , canals , and other facilities that allowed the opening up of new supply sources of food and raw materials . Finally, the great improvement in sea transportation enabled these new lands to satisfy the rising demand for wheat, corn ,cotton ,wool , leather, and a variety of other foods and raw materials more cheaply than traditional sources of supply in Europe and elsewhere.

　　Thus ,all “ingredients” were present for rapid growth in these new lands: the demand for their products was rising rapidly; they had great and unexploited natural resources; and they received huge amounts of capital and millions of workers from Europe . To be sure ,there are some economists who believe that rapid growth of the regions of recent settlement during the nineteenth century was due primarily to very favorable internal conditions (such as abundant natural resources) , with trade playing only an important supportiverole. Be that as it may ,it is generally agreed that today’s developing nations can rely much less on trade for their growth and development . This is due to less favorable demand and supply conditions.

　　該地區(qū)最近的結(jié)算是能，以滿(mǎn)足英國(guó)的新興需求的食品及其原料(和在這個(gè)過(guò)程中成長(zhǎng)非常迅速)，因?yàn)閹讉�(gè)有利的情況下。首先，這些國(guó)家被豐富的賦予與天然資源，如肥沃的耕地土地，森林，礦藏。第二，具有多種技能的工人移動(dòng)波瀾從人口過(guò)剩的歐洲到這些大部分是空的土地，所以沒(méi)有大量的資金。盡管數(shù)據(jù)很不精確，似乎從30%到50%的資本形成總額(即投資)，加拿大，阿根廷和澳大利亞等國(guó)家的資金通過(guò)資本流入的大量流入的資本和工人建設(shè)的鐵路，運(yùn)河和其他設(shè)施，允許開(kāi)放的食品和原材料的新供應(yīng)來(lái)源。最后，極大地提高了海上運(yùn)輸，使這些新的土地，以滿(mǎn)足不斷增長(zhǎng)的需求，對(duì)小麥，玉米，棉花，羊毛，皮革，以及各種其他食品及原料成本比傳統(tǒng)的在歐洲和其他地區(qū)的供應(yīng)來(lái)源。

　　因此，所有的“成分”的快速增長(zhǎng)，這些新的土地為他們的產(chǎn)品的需求迅速上升，他們有偉大的，未開(kāi)發(fā)的自然資源，以及來(lái)自歐洲，他們收到了大量的資金和數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的工人�？梢钥隙ǖ氖牵�也有一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家相信近期結(jié)算的地區(qū)在十九世紀(jì)的快速增長(zhǎng)，主要是由于非常有利的內(nèi)部條件(如擁有豐富的天然資源)，只打了一個(gè)重要的supportiverole與貿(mào)易。 ，因?yàn)樗�可能普遍認(rèn)為，今天的發(fā)展中國(guó)家可以為他們的成長(zhǎng)和發(fā)展貿(mào)易的依賴(lài)要少得多。這是由于有利的需求和供給條件。

　　On the demand side, it is pointed out that the demand for food and raw materials is growing much less rapidly today than was the case for the regions of recent settlement during the nineteenth century . There are several reasons for this:在需求方面，它指出，食品和原材料的需求要少得多迅速增長(zhǎng)的今天比的情況下，在19世紀(jì)該地區(qū)最近的結(jié)算。有幾個(gè)方面的原因：

　　(1)The income elasticity of demand in developed nations for many of the food and agricultural raw material exports of developing nations is less ( and sometimes much less ) than 1,so that as income rises in developed nations ,their demand for the agricultural exports of developing nations increases proportionately less than the increase in income .For example, the income elasticity of demand for coffee is about 0.8 , for cocoa 0.5, for sugar 0.4, and for tea 0.1.(2)The development of synthetic substitutes has reduced the demand for natural raw materials; for example , synthetic rubber has reduced the demand for natural rubber, nylon the demand for cotton ,and plastics the demand for hides and skins .(3)Technological advances have reduced the raw-material content of many products, such as tin-plated cans and microcircuits (4) The output of services (with lower raw material requirements than commodities ) has grown faster than the output of commodities in developed nations. (5) Developed nations have imposed trade restrictions on many temperate exports (such as wheat ,vegetables ,sugar ,oils ,and other products) of developing nations.

　　(1)在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家的食品和農(nóng)業(yè)原材料的出口需求的收入彈性是小于(有時(shí)要少得多)大于1，所以，隨著收入的增加在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，他們的需求的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口發(fā)展中國(guó)家的增長(zhǎng)比例小于收入的增加。例如，咖啡需求的收入彈性約為0.8，0.5可可，糖0.4，茶0.1(2)的合成替代品的發(fā)展，減少了天然原料的需求，例如，合成橡膠的需求減少天然橡膠，尼龍對(duì)棉花的需求，和塑料皮革和毛皮的需求。(3)技術(shù)進(jìn)步降低了原材料的含量，許多產(chǎn)品， (4)如鍍錫罐和微電路的輸出服務(wù)(降低原材料的要求比商品)的增長(zhǎng)速度比發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的商品輸出。 (5)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家實(shí)行貿(mào)易限制在許多溫帶出口的(如小麥，蔬菜，糖，油及其他產(chǎn)品)的開(kāi)發(fā)中國(guó)家。

　　On the supply side , most of today’s developing nations are much less well endowed with natural resources (except for petroleum-exporting nations) than were the regions of recent settlement during the nineteenth century . In addition , most of today’s developing nations are overpopulated, so that most of any increase in their output of food and raw materials is absorbed domestically rather than exported. Furthermore , the international flow of capital to developing nations today is relatively much less than it was in the nineteenth century , and today’s developing nations seem also to face an outflow of skilled labor rather than an inflow . Finally ,it is also true that until recently , developing nations have somewhat neglected their agriculture in favor of more rapid industrialization, thereby hampering their export (and development ) prospects.

　　在供給方面，今天的大多數(shù)發(fā)展中國(guó)家都少得多擁有豐富的天然資源(石油出口國(guó)除外)相比，近期結(jié)算的地區(qū)在十九世紀(jì)。此外，今天的大多數(shù)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的人口過(guò)密，使大部分的任何增加他們的食品和原材料的輸出被吸收國(guó)內(nèi)，而不是出口。此外，國(guó)際資本流向發(fā)展中國(guó)家今天是相對(duì)少得多比它在19世紀(jì)，今天的發(fā)展中國(guó)家似乎也面臨熟練勞動(dòng)力的流出而不是流入。最后，也是如此，直到最近，發(fā)展中國(guó)家在一定程度上忽略了他們的農(nóng)業(yè)有利于更快速的工業(yè)化，從而阻礙了其出口和發(fā)展前景。