l Independence (from location) – the location of the supplier is largely irrelevant provided a good procurement and distribution system is in place. This is covered further below under logistics.
l Industry (structure) – fast responses to customer demand is liable to affect industry structure as it will often favour larger, better-organised companies who make use of sophisticated ordering and delivery solutions. There are fewer and fewer places in which poor performers can hide.
信息技術(shù)是推動(dòng)模型的很好地工具，因?yàn)樗绊懲ㄟ^(guò)電子商務(wù)供應(yīng)鏈上下游的6I：
情報(bào) - 例如，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)可以跟蹤用戶的活動(dòng)，并分析哪些產(chǎn)品的銷量的在長(zhǎng)或下降。信息可以直接反饋進(jìn)入數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)用于隨后的分析和數(shù)據(jù)挖掘。
互動(dòng)性 - 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的客戶可以定制他們的需求。 例如，一些電腦公司按訂單要求，允許不同的硬件和軟件的組合。
集成 – 基于互動(dòng)性，一旦已有訂單，那么便可以推動(dòng)整個(gè)過(guò)程開(kāi)始訂購(gòu)，生產(chǎn)以及發(fā)貨。
個(gè)體化 - 例如，為每一個(gè)客戶提供不同的方案。如果有人買了一個(gè)特定的打印機(jī)，那么隨后可以提供油墨或墨粉盒。
獨(dú)立性(從位置來(lái)看) -假如有一個(gè)良好的采購(gòu)和分銷系統(tǒng)，那么供應(yīng)商的位置在很大程度上是無(wú)關(guān)緊要的。這部分內(nèi)容在下文涉及物流處進(jìn)一步講述。
產(chǎn)業(yè)(結(jié)構(gòu)) - 對(duì)客戶需求的快速響有益于影響行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)更偏向采用復(fù)雜的采購(gòu)與交付系統(tǒng)的于較大的，組織更好地企業(yè)。表現(xiàn)欠佳是很難在此隱藏生存下去的。
SUPPLY CHAIN CHOICES
供應(yīng)鏈選擇
Supply chain pathways can be complex:
As with many other functions, outsourcing is increasingly used in supply chain management. Logistics companies can perform many supply chain functions more efficiently and economically than they can be done in-house, and we will see some examples below.
供應(yīng)量途徑是復(fù)雜的
與許多其他功能類似，服務(wù)外包也被日益運(yùn)用在供應(yīng)鏈管理中。物流企業(yè)可以使得許多供應(yīng)鏈職能更經(jīng)濟(jì)有效，而且我們會(huì)看到下面的一些例子。
Some of the main choices to be made in supply chain pathways are as follows.
(1) Who transports the goods? The main solutions are:
the buyer transfers them using own transport
the seller transfers them using own transport
a logistics company transfers them
(2) What delivery pathways are best?
(3) Who stores the goods? The organisation, the supplier, or a logistics company.
(4) Which manufacturing, packaging, labelling, kitting, or completion tasks are carried out by the organisation and which by other parties? (Kitting relates to processes such as adding batteries).
(5) Who is responsible for quality assurance and proper handling of the goods?
(6) How should returns be handled?
(7) How can fast and responsive deliveries by arranged?
(8) Who handles customs clearance?
一些主要的選擇在供應(yīng)鏈途徑中如下：
(1)誰(shuí)運(yùn)輸?shù)呢浳?主要的解決方案是：
客戶使用自己的交通工具轉(zhuǎn)移
銷售商使用自己的交通工具轉(zhuǎn)移
物流公司轉(zhuǎn)移
(2)什么時(shí)候交貨途徑是最好的?
(3)誰(shuí)存儲(chǔ)的貨物?公司，供應(yīng)商或物流公司?
(4)公司負(fù)責(zé)制造，包裝，標(biāo)簽，裝備，或項(xiàng)目完成，那么其他各方完成什么? (裝備涉及如添加電池等過(guò)程)。
(5)誰(shuí)負(fù)責(zé)質(zhì)量保證和貨物的妥善處理?
(6)應(yīng)如何申報(bào)辦理?
(7)如何能夠安排快速反應(yīng)及交付?
(8)負(fù)責(zé)處理通關(guān)?
SUPPLY CHAIN EXAMPLES
供應(yīng)鏈案例
Pharmaceutical: Many pharmaceuticals, such as insulin and flu vaccines, are temperature-sensitive and have to be stored below, say, 5°C to maintain their efficacy and safety. Manufacturers therefore need ensure that their worldwide distribution, by air and road, to hospitals and pharmacies can be guaranteed to have complied with the storage required and that this can be verified and demonstrated. It is not realistic for pharmaceutical companies to carry out such specialised distribution themselves on a worldwide basis, as this would imply refrigerated warehouses, air freight and transportation in every country supplied. Many logistics companies offer suitable services.
藥物行業(yè)：許多藥物，如胰島素和流感疫苗，是溫度敏感的因此必須要被存儲(chǔ)于5℃以下以保持其功效和安全性。因此，制造商需要展示并確保其全球范圍內(nèi)的航空、公路運(yùn)輸至醫(yī)院和藥店的存儲(chǔ)條件。但是制藥企業(yè)自己開(kāi)展這樣的在全球范圍內(nèi)專門(mén)分銷的網(wǎng)絡(luò)是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的，因?yàn)檫@將意味著冷藏倉(cāng)庫(kù)，空運(yùn)和交通運(yùn)輸需要在每一個(gè)國(guó)家均可以提供。然而許多物流企業(yè)為此提供合適的服務(wù)。
，我們將會(huì)及時(shí)處理。